'Land Subsidence in Bangkok, Thailand\r'

' scorn Subsidence in capital of Thailand, Thai let down\r\nSpecific Purpose:\r\nTo shake my audience to hold that we moldinessiness halt the remitment in capital of Thailand by attenuated drink over-exploitation of groundwater, change magnitude the usage of surface body of water, and sing re personatetlement of the slap-up crownwork\r\nThesis:\r\nIn browse to maintain our capital urban center safe, we must record the jobs and causes of the priming coat cave in, and take action to halt the remitment.\r\norganisational Form: Problem-cause-solutionIntroductionAttention GetterIf you move over been experiencing a spot lower late, it is non nevertheless your imaginativeness. In fact, Bangkok has been droping.\r\nAround 20 per centum of Bangkok had already sunk by nigh a time over the past 30 old ages, s incite Srisuk ( 2006 ) , manager of the Groundwater Reoceanrch Centre.Reason to listenThis is what is go oning in Bang Khun Thian territory of Bangkok. Panya Changcharo en ( 2008 ) from this territory verbalize, â€Å"I’m non certain how long my habitationhold and I can populate here. We urgently need aid before we lose the whole territory to the sea.” The mass in this territory lost their places, k directledge domains, and occupations as just about countries submerged. If we do non halt the repose remission in Bangkok, non merely Bang Khun Thian, but the whole chief city will fall below sea degree.Credibility StatementA prof from Chulalongkorn University said that Bangkok is droping at twice the calculate it was a decennary ago ( Trisirisattayawong, 2009 ) .A Dutch nice who has studied the state of affairs said, â€Å"In few decennaries, Bangkok may non be habitable” ( Haberman, 1983 ) .â€Å" more than(prenominal) than 50 per centum of the sinking has been caused by the tapping of groundwater by industry, ” said Dr. Sanitwong ( 2013 ) , manager of the Gio-Informatics and Space Technology Development Agency .Preview of briny PointsFirst, I will exemplify the dangers of the land remission in Bangkok.Second, I will discourse why this catastrophe is go oning to us.Finally, I will bid how we can get the better of this job.BodyThe jobBangkok, the capital seat of government of our state, is quickly droping. regular worse, the gait of land remission has been quickened ( Trisirisattayawong, 2009 ) .If this temperament continues, most of our capital metropolis will be in danger of falling below sea degree by century ‘s rod ( Haberman, 1983 ) .Urban countries homogeneous Bangkok are vulnerable to set down remission, which is frequently destructive.Land remission can toll our substructures ( Tularam & A ; Krishna, 2009 ) . It can destruct our Rama bridges, our BTS, our MRT, our main roads, our railwaies, and our galvanizing power lines.Land remission besides amendss underground pipes, increasing H2O depletion. This can make a inanity in the aquifer, which could do a prostration of land ( Hasan, 2006 ) .Land remission can do monolithic inundations like 2011 because it increases inundation hazard ( Tularam & A ; Krishna, 2009 ) .Passage:In cast to halt the land remission of our capital metropolis, we must foremost cognize what caused this catastrophe.CausesOur capital metropolis is droping chiefly because of inordinate groundwater pumping.The land remission rate is near 3 centimeter a twelvemonth in some topographic points in Bangkok referable to over-extraction of groundwater ( Shaw, Srinivas, & A ; Sharma, 2009 )As we pump groundwater, the H2O that bears the dirt supra is bit by bit removed, impacting the geologic construction. Hence, the land begins to lessen ( Tularam & A ; Krishna, 2009 ) .There is no appropriate price policy in pull outing groundwater beyond sustainable output degrees, and hence there is over-exploitation of groundwater ( Suwal, n.d. ) . In Thailand, none of national bureaus is responsible for coordination groundwat er resources ( Foster, 2008 ) .Overloading on the subdued Bangkok ClayBecause the soft Bangkok Clay is about 70 per centum saturated, it is really soft, weak, and com raise upible ( Bhattacharya, 2013 ) .The land remission in Bangkok has occurred because constructions were built without sing the behavior capacity of the soft Bangkok Clay.The burthen of the land surface rises due to building of heavy edifices, turn out in the compression of the clay bed ( Bhattacharya, 2013 ) .Passage:We now know that over-exploitation of groundwater and overloading on the soft clay score caused the land remission in our capital. Then now, we must larn to work out the jobs.SolutionWe need to cut down the rate of groundwater pumping.Groundwater in Thailand costs merely approximately 10 ticals per one three-dimensional metre ( Department of Groundwater Resources, n.d. ) .Higher monetary values for groundwater are requirement ( Bangkok State of the Environment, 2001 ) .We besides need to engage g roundwater and surface H2O conjunctively, or utilize more surface H2O if possible.Surface H2O intervention workss have a larger capacity. They are a atomic reactor more efficient in providing H2O to urban countries ( Mahmud, 2009 ) .Surface H2O intervention workss are located around the beginnings of surface H2O such as nigh rivers ( Mahmud, 2009 ) .If none of the solutions plants, we should in conclusion see relocating the capital metropolis as the last option.Some Thai environmental experts believe that traveling the whole capital metropolis to a higher land, for case one of the 16 northeasterly states, is the lone solution ( Kurlantzick, 2011 ) .Resettlement of the capital metropolis is dearly-won and time-consuming, but the safety of the new capital will convey benefit in the long-run ( â€Å"Capitals should, ” 2012 ) .Decision:\r\nThink of your place. You grew up at that place, you have fagged most of your clip at that place, you feel the safest at that place. Howeve r, will your sweet place be cool off there when you are at your 50? If the land remission in Bangkok can non be stopped, no 1 can guarantee that your house will be safe when you are old. Even though land remission has been a thoughtful menace to our capital metropolis, our authorities has ignored this enroll danger. We merely have few decennaries to undertake this job. immediately is clip. We must maintain our eyes unfastened. We must press the authorities. We must salvage our places.\r\nMentions\r\nBangkok State of the Environment. ( 2001 ) . 5 Land remission.Regional Resource Centre for Asia and the Pacific.Retrieved from hypertext enthrall communications protocol: //www.rrcap.ait.asia/pub/soe/bangkok_land.pdf\r\nBhattacharya, K. A. ( 2013 ) . An analysis of land remission in Bangkok and Kolkata due to over-extraction of groundwater.EJGE.Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ejge.com/2013/Ppr2013.163alr.pdf\r\nCapitals should be moved to Northeast, top scienti st says. ( 2012, Feb 5 ) .The State.Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nationmultimedia.com/national/Capital-should-be-moved-to-Northeast-top-scientist-30175186.html\r\nDepartment of Groundwater Resources. ( n.d. ) . retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.dgr.go.th/en/organize.htm\r\nFaculty of Geosciences at Utrecht University. ( 2010 ) . Rising sea degrees attributed to winding groundwater extraction.Utrecht University.Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.uu.nl/EN/Current/Pages/Wereldwijdonttrekkenvangrondwaterleidttotzeespiegelstijging.aspx\r\nFoster, S. ( 2008 ) . Siam: change capacity in groundwater resources direction.The World Bank.Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.un-igrac.org/dynamics/modules/SFIL0100/view.php? fil_Id=178\r\nHaberman, C. ( 1983 ) . Crowded Bangkok is droping under weight of its ain growing.The New York Times.Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nytimes.com/1983/05/01/ knowledge base/crowd ed-bangkok-is-sinking-under-weight-of-its-own-growth.html\r\nHasan, F. K. ( 2006 ) . water system direction in Dhaka.International Journal of urine Resource Development, vol. 22\r\nKurlantzick, J. ( 2011 ) . Time to travel Bangkok? .Council on Foreign Relations.Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //blogs.cfr.org/asia/2011/11/09/time-to-move-bangkok/\r\nMahmud, A. ( 2009 ) . Impact of urbanisation on land H2O.Research jut out of Social Science 2008-9.Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.academia.edu/8072864/ Impact-of-Urbanization-on-Ground-Water\r\nSanitwong, A. ( 2013 ) . Thailand need to move as Bangkok sinks faster.Deutsche Welle.Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.dw.de/thailand-needs-to-act-as-bangkok-sinks-faster/a-16739739\r\nShaw, R. , Srinivas, H. , & A ; Sharma, A. ( 2009 ) .Urban hazard decrease: An Asiatic position.Wagon Lane, UK: Emerald meeting Publishing Limited\r\nSrisuk, K. ( 2006 ) . Excessive groundwater usage â€Å"sin king Bangkok” .Department of environmental Quality Promotion.Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.deqp.go.th/index.php? option=com_content & A ; view=article & A ; id=14538:2006-02-17 & amp ; catid=7:2010-02-04-06-14-10 & A ; Itemid=43 & A ; lang=th\r\nSuwal, S. ( n.d. ) . Water in crisis †Thailand.The Water Project.Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //thewaterproject.org/water-in-crisis-thailand\r\nThai National Committee on Irrigation and Drainage. ( 2002 ) . General Information about Thailand.International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage.Retrieved from http www.icid.org/v_thailand.pdf\r\nTrisirisattayawong, I. ( 2009 ) . PS-inSAR measuring of land remission in Bangkok metropolitan country.Chulalongkorn University.Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.sv.eng.chula.ac.th/attachments/article/84/ACRS2009_InSAR_GEO2TECDI.pdf\r\nTularam, G. A. , Krishna, M. ( 2009 ) . Long term effects of groundwater pumping in Australia: A reappraisal of impacts around the Earth.Journal of Applied Sciences in Environmental Sanitation,4( 2 ) , 151-166.\r\nWarr, P. ( 2005 ) . Thailand beyond the crisis. Routledge Curzon, New York: New york\r\nWater Environmental Partnership in Asia. State of H2O environmental issues: Thailand. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.wepa-db.net/policies/state/thailand/thailand.htm\r\n'