Sports and Drugs

Consider if steroids were legal, how much more exciting sports would be and t would be fair to everyone. Why: As an athlete and competing in a high level sport, I easily understand athletes and their reasons for doping in sports. At a high level you’re always striving to be the best you can be ad better than your opponents to win. Also, as a candidate for the Provincial and National Team for Canada I have experience in knowing what you need to know and expect while participating in these events.At a camp for team Canada, WADA showed up unexpectedly and took one of the girls’ urine test. So really this is why the topic of doping in sports caught my attention to is because I can relate to it and I’m interested in learning more about it. Why Illegal: it gives you an unnatural advantage against your opponent. Drugs or blood transfusions can provide a 5 or 10 percent advantage (Thomas Murray, Hasting report). Doping up your body and eliminating the concept of fair pla y is different from exceeding to your best abilities natural and being competitive.When participating in sports, it builds character to be determined, honest, and cooperative, but when an athlete pumps illegal performance enhancing drugs into their system it shows true character on what they would do just to win. It has a big effect on the athlete altogether. Doping also effects the psychological aspect of your morals and becoming a criminal by being dishonest and putting illegal substances in your body, it can be mentally damaging. Not only mentally damaging but doping messes up your body, the natural growth and development of it from unnatural drugs is something all athletes should be concerned about.Sacrificing your body to win isn’t a right way to compete. Most likely sport: From Peter Sullvan: The first overall highest percentage(3. 6) of positive illegal drug tests is cycling, in the 2006 tour de France( Including Floyd Landis in first) the top 5 placed athletes were al l guilty of drug use. Along with Lance Armstrong admitting to doping after winning 7 tour de France titles. Floyd Landis describes cycling as â€Å"Professional cycling is organized crime. † Coming in second not too far behind cycling is Weightlifting with a 3% average of positive testing.Seeing how these athletes need to lift mass amounts of weight, its almost predicted that this sport is top 5 for positive doping statistics. Turkey and Russia are common countries who’s athletes are accused of steroids. Thirdly, Boxing is a candidate for doping in sports with a 2. 9% average. A case in 2007 was where an anti- aging agency was distributing steroids to famous boxers such at Even Fields. Boxing requires strength and stamina and some feel the need to enhance their training with steroids to just be stronger than their opponents. Coming after boxing in fourth, is Triathlon.Athletes involved in this race are super humans, in perspective of many people. To run, swim and bike with out stopping is impressive and takes mass amounts of mental and physical strength. Lastly, Baseball makes top 5 sports in doping with a 2. 5% average in positive testing. Even though this sport isn’t in the Olympics, Major League Baseball players have been known for steroid use in the past of 1999 and early 2000’s, as well this past year 20 players got suspended for steroid use. Types: EPO (Erythropoietin): This is a method of an increase of blood oxygen.Erythropoietin is a natural hormone found in the human body. It revitalizes blood cells to have more oxygen, which then increases anaerobic activity. (Kelland, 2012). CERA(Continuous Erythropoiesis Receptor Activator): This is another form of EPO. It increases your blood oxygen level without having to inject yourself as often. Anabolic Steroids: This is a fake replacement of testosterone to help the body utilize protein allowing the athlete to train with more intensity, along with building muscle mass and strength easier. Another aspect is that it acts as an anti- inflammatory to recovery quickly.  (Kelland, 2012)Diuretics: A substance that can mask illegal substances so they wont be detected. Side effects of weight loss. (Kelland, 2012) Blood Doping: Methods of substances to enhance red blood cell mass, to move more oxygen to muscles which increases stamina. 2 types; Autologous is where you use your own blood from being put aside until needed. Homologous is where you take someone else’s blood that’s the same as yours. (Kelland, 2012) Insulin: This enhances glucose in take that helps increase endurance levels by making the storage of muscle glycogen bigger for the athlete.If not used properly it can lead to low blood sugar which leads to unconsciousness and seizures. (Kelland, 2012) Gender? : Which gender is most likely to dope in sports? Well males are a dominant factor for doping. They are much more likely to dope in sports by using steroids. Steroids effect women in a much more negative effect then it does to men. For women, steroids have side effects such as growing hair in unwanted places, clitoral enlargement, and deepening of the voice.T’s easy to tell when a women is taking steroids because of the testosterone over load in their body and manly features. Their physical, behavioural and functional part of the women’s body are out of natural sync as well. Why would women want to take steroids in the first place? other than getting very strong? Women want equality and by taking steroids they can feel equally strong as men in the same playing field. Who’s in charge? the name is WADA (World Agency of Anti Doping). This organization keeps it fair throughout sports.The Olympic committee wanted an agency like this for all countries to follow to specialize on key activities include scientific research, education, development of anti-doping capacities, and monitoring of the World Anti Doping Code and it was quite a success. A cool fact is that WADA’s headquarters is right in Canada, Montreal. Their objective is to have a doping free sporting environment. Consequences: As an Olympic athlete it is important to keep your body clean of illegal substances. Why? Some of the consequences are quite serious.If caught by WADA (The World Agency of Anti Doping) before the Olympics, he/she is suspended for 6 months or longer. (Freedman, 2012) If an athlete has cheated during an event, and won, their medal is taken from them and the results are re-evaluated. Conclusion: In conclusion doping in sports is a serious social issue that shouldn’t be taken lightly. Doping shouldn’t be seen as a way to make an athlete feel better. Not only are they cheating themselves, but they are unfair to their opponents and should take into consideration what mental and physical harm they are really doing to their bodies.WADA is a great service to help deal with keeping sports all around the world fair by testing athletes for performance enhancing substances in their bodies. As an athlete myself I choose to really look into this topic because I’ve dealt with WADA myself. If you are an athlete, beware of what you put into your body. Its important to train to your full potential without being artificially enhanced with chemicals. The natural way is the way to go! Most important thing learned was how harmful steroids can be to your body and mind. Always important to stay true to yourself and not cheat. Be the best you can be

Brose Case Study Essay

What is the Brose Groups business and what are the critical success factors (CSF’s) in a business like Brose’s? [lists] * International automobile industry and delivery mechatronic system and electric drives to automotive manufacturers and suppliers * Brose standardize their operation, and uses ERP application. * Well-established Information technology management * Hire professional consultants to train employees * to better use ERP application system 2. What operational, management and control, and corporate learning/innovation challenges were faced by Brose during its rapid expansion over the last two decades? table] Operational | Management and control| The implementation of ERP system may cause a significant number of change within an organization | Lower total costs of information management information technology investment | The potential lake of in house skills and users’ resistance | 5. What steps did they take to minimize the risks associated with this kind of deployment? [list] * Reengineer business process, develop a detailed requirements specification, conduct system prior to the system implementation and closely monitor the system’s performance * Formulation of he steering committee, appointment of project sponsor, and internal audit’s involvement * Train project team, the establishment of a close working relationship between consultant and project team * Management support, user’s involvement.

Under What Circumstances May a Person Be Criminally Liable for a Failure to Act?

General principleThere is no general liability for failure to act under the common law of England and Wales. A crime can be committed by omission, but there can be no omission in law in the absence of a duty to act. The general basis for imposing liability in criminal law is that the defendant must be proved to have committed a guilty act whilst having had a guilty state of mind. The physical elements are collectively called the actus reus and the accompanied mental state is called the mens rea.Liability for omissionsThe general rule is that there can be no liability for failing to act, unless at the time of the failure to act the defendant was under a legal duty to take positive action. ‘’Unless a statute specifically so provides, or †¦.the common law impose a duty upon a person to act in a particular way towards another†¦ a mere omission to act cannot lead to criminal liability’’.(R Vs Miller[1983]1 All ER 978.) A positive duty to act exists in the following circumstances:(a)Duty arising from statute Liability for failing to act will be imposed where the defendant can be shown to have been under a statutory duty to take positive action. A leading example of such a case is provided by the children and Young Persons Act 1933, which creates the offence of wilfully neglecting a child. Hence by simply failing to provide food for the child or failing to obtain appropriate medical care a parent could be held criminally liable for any harm that results. (Greener Vs DPP[1996] The Times, Feb. 15,1996).(b)Duty arising from a ContractWhere a person is under a positive duty to act because of his obligations under a contract, his failure to perform the contractual duty in question can form the basis of criminal liability. (R Vs Pittwood [1902] 19 TLR 37).

Unit four Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Unit four - Assignment Example There are different behaviors that can be used to identify child abuse. In the caregivers or parents of the child, these may include: Any reluctance to expose their children or charges to medical examination. Some parents also take their children to different medical facilities in order not to draw suspicion or added questions about the true cause of injuries. There are parents who have offered no valid reasons to explain why their children have wounds or injuries. Some parents refuse to let medical workers speak to their children alone. They also answer on their children’s behalf. There are instances where the caregiver or parent is unresponsive to the child even though the child appears to almost be a young adult who seeks to meet the emotional needs of the parent In the case of the child, these may include: The presentation of a depressed child who seems unduly anxious and is too eager to please the parent. Some children even show a deep fear of the parent. The child may al so exhibit emotional problems that are inconsistent with their young age. These may include nightmares or temper tantrums. Other children appear to be emotionally unavailable and do not seek comfort even when they are exposed to suffering. On the other hand, they may appear to be overly-obedient towards their parent or care-giver. When expected to undress, the child may show a reluctance at taking their clothes off, or exhibit extreme passivity when the nurse or doctor starts to examine them In most cases where the child is being severely physically abused, the child will warily follow the parent or care-giver with his eyes as though seeking to perceive when the next blow might come (Wortans, Happell and Johnstone, 2006). 2) Identify where the ethical principles of autonomy, justice, fidelity, beneficence, non-malfeasance, and veracity are implied in the ANA Code of Ethics for Nurse with Interpretive Statements (ANA, 2001) to guide the practice of the manager. The ANA Code of Ethics for Nurses  was created to be a guide for conducting nursing responsibilities in a way that would maintain or preserve the best standards of nursing care. This code also seeks to uphold the ethical obligations of the nursing profession. The first code, non-malfeasance, or ‘first do no harm’, is descriptive of the nurse's obligation to preserve the patient's safety. It is a throwback to the ancient ‘Hippocratic Oath’, and states that the doctor’s first responsibility is to keep from taking actions that will further compromise the health of the patient even before starting to treat the ailment or injury that is affecting the patient. Beneficence, which is the second principle, speaks to ethical concerns; particularly when there is a discrepancy between what may be considered as being good between the patient and hospital, nurse and patient, or even between patients themselves. Options that may have varied moral consequences include approved services , financial reimbursement, matters concerning physical or sexual abuse, or organizational issues like the peck-of-command. Autonomy is the third ethical code and refers to patients’ right to self-determination. For instance, patients have the right to

Global financial crisis and its effects on Nokia Company Assignment

Global financial crisis and its effects on Nokia Company - Assignment Example On one side, many people believed those responsible for the crisis were the ones receiving bailouts, whereas on the other end, the worldwide financial problems were to affect the livelihoods of almost every individual on the planet due to global interconnection. The subprime turmoil came about in large potion due to the financial tools such as securitization used by banks (Sheila, 2008: 20). Through securitization, banks would pool some of their loans into sellable assets. In so doing, they off-load the risky loans onto others. For this matter, banks knew they would make millions of cash through money-earning loans. However, these money-earning loans tied up for decades, therefore, banks turned them into securities. Security buyers received payments regularly from all mortgages. As a result, the U.S. banks off- loaded their risks. Upon testing this instrument, financial gurus saw securitization as perhaps the greatest innovation of the 20th century. With economic slump entrenching it s effects into the global economy, the divisions of the Nokia including telecommunication and mobile phones division started backing up the pillars of Nokia. In spite of the global deep recession, Nokia grasped potential, quickly came to its feet, and soon started streamlining its business. Financial crisis affected most financial institutions. However, as the securitization business continued buoying, high street banks got into a form of investment banking where they bought, sold, and traded risks. Same investment banks not contented with trading risks, selling and buying, they ventured into home loans and mortgages while they lacked the right management and controls. Many banks took huge sums of money inform of loans thus increasing their... This paper seeks to address the global issue of the financial crisis unfolding, and tries to consider the effects the crisis had on money lending institutions. Also, the change in the financial state of Nokia company is being considered against the background of the crisis. The subprime turmoil came about in large potion due to the financial tools such as securitization used by banks . Through securitization, banks would pool some of their loans into sellable assets. In so doing, they off-load the risky loans onto others. For this matter, banks knew they would make millions through money-earning loans. These money-earning loans tied up for decades, therefore, banks turned them into securities. Security buyers received payments regularly from all mortgages. The U.S. banks off-loaded their risks. Financial crisis affected most financial institutions. High street banks got into a form of investment banking where they bought, sold, and traded risks. Same investment banks not contented with trading risks, selling and buying, they ventured into home loans and mortgages while they lacked the right management and controls. Many banks took huge sums of money in form of loans thus increasing their exposure to financial problems. When people eventually began noticing the risk, their confidence fell down at an alarming rate. As a result, the level of lending slowed down at once and in other cases ceased . September 14, 2008 witnessed Lehman Brothers collapse. Following its collapse, governments worldwide struggled to rescue their gigantic financial institutions as the state of the failing stock and housing sectors persisted. In conclusion, global financial crisis was inflicting and driving even the developed economies bankrupt.

Comparative Study of Critical Resource Diagramming Versus PERT and CPM Assignment

Comparative Study of Critical Resource Diagramming Versus PERT and CPM - Assignment Example PERT is a statistical implement used in project management, it is designed to analyze and exemplify the task evaluation completing a given project (Delgado et al., 2004). It is normally used in conjunction with CPM which is known as critical path method in project scheduling and management technique. CPM is a tool used to evaluate and determine duration based on the proof of identity of â€Å"critical work† through an activity network (Delgado et al., 2004).Ultimately CPM and PERT can be merged into one to form a project scheduling technique known as CPM/PERT. The combination of both CPM and PERT makes it visually easier to view precedence relationships and gives an opportunity for ideal large projects with several activities (Delgado et al., 2004). CPM/PERT contain two major key elements: activities and events. An activity embodies an action and consumption of resources such as time, money and energy needed to complete a quota for a given plan. The activity is typically epitomized by an arrow; this is due to the fact that it encompasses resources (Delgado et al., 2004). An event, normally taken to mean node will basically occur at the beginning and the end of an activity. The events have no resources and as a result are represented by a circle (Delgado et al., 2004). When working on a complicated project, it is normally very hard for the business owner to envisage the schedule and risks. Applying the PERT/CPM can help play a major role in breaking the large efforts down into smaller tasks and show the relationships between different tasks. This can help in determining the expected outcome besides anticipating and alleviating scheduling bottlenecks (Delgado et al., 2004). Using the just-in-time (JIT) philosophy as a standard project scheduling technique can help solve the implications of Ajax project management that includes the stratagem, fabrication and introduction of a firsthand microwave oven. The just-in-time is used to eliminate wastage by cutting unnecessary inventory and doing away with the delays in operations.  

Finance accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Finance accounting - Essay Example Lastly, the reserves of the company is estimated and their modes of utilization so that the write-down of the company can be avoided. Impact of Australian Accounting Standards When the net realizable value for all of the subsequent period. Due to a certain circumstances the inventories of the company needs to be written down below the cost that no longer exists or with the evidence related to the net realizable value caused as a result of the changed economic circumstances (Walton & Aerts, 2006, p.120). This leads to the reversing of the write-down where the amount if restricted to original write-down, so much so, the new carrying amount of the company will be lower than the revised net realizable value along with its associated cost. With the selling of the inventories the carrying cost of the inventories is treated as the expense in the period in which the revenue is recognized. This result in the written down value of the inventory is considered as the cost or occurrence of losses . The concept of reversal write-down value generally occurs from the increase in the net realizable value of the concerned company; which is recognized as a fall in the amount of inventory as an expense in the period of reversal write-down occurrence (Johnston & Johnston, 2005, pp.62-63). Reversal write-down The concepts of the reversal write-down under the Australian Accounting Standards will have a great impact on the current situation of BHP Billiton’s US Shale Gas assets related to the financial statements of the company. The inventory cost of the company will reduce thus reducing the carrying cost of the Shale Gas assets to a remarkable extent. Thus the increase in the net realizable value of the company will be projected at a low rate than now. This in turn will lower the intrinsic value of the company resulting in the valuation of the company being similar to the market value of the company or lower than the market value. Hence the company will be in the condition to r evive of the present condition to a certain extent (Australian Government, 2009, p.17). Current and non-current assets and methods of valuation Yes, the current and non-current assets of the company, BHP Billiton’s have been valued in the financial statements of the company. The income and the deferred tax of the company accounted under the head of other assets of the company has taken the deductible temporary differences resulting in the deferred tax of the company amounting to US$3119 million as against US$2195 million in 2010. These amounts have not been recognized due to the probable future taxable profits as the deductible temporary differences do not expire under the tax legislation. The trade receivable of the company is the considered as the impaired assets of the company. All the financial assets of the company are computed at the fair value price under the consideration of payment and receipt. The fair value method is the not a completely independent process. It is based on the results of weighted average value of the items of the company. In spite of providing a balanced figure of valuation yet its limitation the valuation of the business model still persists. However, the fair value accounting process conveys important information related to

Zipcar Company Case Analysis Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Zipcar Company Analysis - Case Study Example The case study "Zipcar Company Case Analysis" talks about the lessons a marketer can learn from the largest car share company in the world in terms of marketing strategies. Zipcar Company established itself as a major company in the market through diversifying its services from just offering car hire services but ventured in other services direly needed by the customers. They choose a densely populated geographic segment to offer its services and they went on to be successful. From their operation, there are two important marketing concepts identified in the case, segmentation and CSR. These are used by the company for winning the best market for its services. The future of the firm looks way ahead of the competitors where there is a plan to expand to other populated market segments and win the developments in the market. This case, therefore, brings two lessons; in a course or work like marketing, customer loyalty and market segmentation brings about high-level success to the company. Its main work is to rent out cars on daily basis and has grown and positioned itself to become well-endowed in the market that commands a high level of car rental companies. The company is also a car rental company that has its own services modified to fit other specialities in which case the whole issue is not just about cars but more than that. Its main services are to people living in densely populated regions where it is very cumbersome, costly and ineffective (actually irresponsible) to own a car.

Surveys Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Surveys - Essay Example es, Behaviour, and Preferences of E-Customers; Allworth Press 17 Introduction This present paper is a research paper that seeks to investigate how the internet has revolutionised how business is done and what influences the internet has on the performance of business organisation. The paper will mainly answer this research question using data collected from questionnaires that were distributed to a target population of fifteen people that comprised of five managers and ten friends and relatives. ... The second part of the paper will analyse that data that was collected in the first part while the third and final part of the paper will discuss research findings , draw out a conclusion and then spell out a few recommendation that address the research question. Part 1 1.1 Impact of the internet on businesses Jarvenpaa and Todd (2010) described the Internet as a global network that interconnects all computers in the world thereby enabling different computers in different corners of the world to communicate with each other. Bridges et al. (2010) further added that the internet is decentralised by design meaning that it is independent and not a property of any individual thou it relies on other physical infrastructures that taps into other networks. Through the interconnectivity provided by the Internet, the world has become a global village and it is no longer necessary to move physically from one location to another in order to inquire or acquire a good or service since this can be done through the internet and payment as well as delivery can be organised through the same platform. According to Bigne (2005), the internet has had a revolutionary impact mostly in the 21st century on the way people carry on various tasks. For example, it is no longer mandatory to go to work to simply submit or write a report, since the employee can do this at the comfort of his or her own home and then send the report to the manager via the internet. This mode of operating is largely classified under the concept of virtual office, which does not necessarily require workers to work under one physical location. Secondly, Close (2012) noted that it is no longer necessary to visit a physical store in order to inquire about a certain product or service before

Critical Resource Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Critical Resource Review - Essay Example (McGrath, 2006, p. 8) Though bullying has been detected in all levels of the educational system, it is widespread in middle school, as pointed out in three studies. There is, then, this marked increase in the incidence of bullying as students graduate from elementary and move on to middle school. (Monitor Online website, 1999) In general, schools can do more to address student bullying within its campus by fostering organizational trust. The more the students trust their teachers to be concerned with their safety and well-being, the less prone they become to being victimized by bullies. The conclusion of a study contends that trust in the faculty has its way of serving as protection for the students against the assaults of bullies, whether verbal or physical. (Smith & Birney, 2005, p. 480) Other than working on the students’ trust in the school faculty, the school can implement some other forms of intervention to address bullying amongst them. Examples of such interventions include curriculum-based strategies to increase the level of awareness of the students regarding bullying as a possible barrier against their overall development. Thus, video films can be shown, theatre plays can be staged and open forums can be held to encourage students to be open about bullying as a threat that would have to be tackled by the faculty and the students together. (Smith & Sharp, 1994, p. 24) These collective actions of the school teachers against bullying must be established as a program that would be continually advocated for the welfare of the students. Schools must send out the messages that they will fight the occurrence of all sorts of bullying activities not just for a time but perpetually (Olweus, 1993, p. 77). Meanwhile, the bully whose behavior has gone unchecked is generally set to grow up as an antisocial person who has no adequate capability for empathy with others and who, therefore, turns out to be selfishly intolerant of

Dramatic impact Essay Example for Free

Dramatic impact Essay In 1915, Arthur T. Miller was born in the city of New York, where his family business was ruined after the stock market crash of 29. This had a continuous affect on his life and work. The half-Austrian, half-American playwright wrote Death of a Salesman in 1949, at the age of 34. Along with his other acclaimed plays (including All My Sons and The Crucible): Death of a Salesman includes his common themes of corruption, societys deterioration, the Great American Dream and lost values. Set in the Mid-20th century after the Second World War: Death of a Salesman is a tale of values lost to a world where they now carry little weight and of a man, in himself, lost to those values and in so doing isolating himself to the ever-changing world. Renowned as one of the best plays to ever come out of America. A particularly dramatic and significant scene in this attack against capitalism is the restaurant scene, in which a father-son bond is torn in tragedy, brotherly love is dissipated and life grinds to a halt for an old, tired man. The scene in general is a very significant part of the play as it acts as the final trigger for Willy Loman to take his own life. We know this as, in the scene that directly follows this, Willy is quoted saying: (To Stanley) Heres some more, I dont need it anymore This shows us that he has (after this event) well and truly given up on this life, by stating that he will no longer be needed to use his money for he will die and in doing so provide his family with some insurance support, making this scene very significant indeed. The final trigger that I mentioned could be a number of events. Firstly, some critics believe, the fact that Biff has realised the truth: I was just a shipping clerk, which Willy has shut out for countless years deep inside, is the fatal factor of Willys suicide: that he himself, through Biff, finally sees what his life has lived up to nothing. We can see evidence of this in the garden scene where he tries to leave something, however small, behind as his legacy: Ive got to get some seeds, right away. Nothings planted. I dont have a thing in the ground. He has an urgent need to leave something behind and the seeds are a metaphorical representation of this. Some critics feel that this scene is significant as it builds up to the next scene where Willy has a flashback of Biffs discovery of The Woman, revealing to the audience for the first time the event that sparks the turmoil that Biff suffers for the next fifteen years of his life: The knowledge of his fathers infidelity shatters this ideal that he has held for so long. This would patch up the missing link and explain to the audience how Biff went from the loving son we saw in the earlier flashbacks to the almost hateful adult we see in the present. Others however believe that it is what has happened before this scene that makes it so significant. Due to the tension build up up-until then was mounting by Willys encounters with Howard, Bernard and Charley beforehand constituting harsh blows to the fantasy through which Willy views his life; his constructed reality was falling apart. The audience, after seeing Biffs own disappointment through his conversation with Happy, are curious to see how Willy will react to yet another letdown. And after seeing how badly he does take it, we know this is the final straw/chapter in his life. Biff has also experienced a moment of truth, but he regards his epiphany as a freeing experience from a lifetime of distorting lies. He wishes to leave behind the facade of the Loman family tradition so that he and his father can begin to have an honest relationship. Willy, on the other hand, wants his sons to help him in rebuilding the elaborate fantasies that have been crushed so many times before. Willy drives Biff to produce a falsely positive report of his interview with Bill Oliver; Happy is all too willing to comply. When Biff fails to produce the expected report, Happy, comes in with lies about the interview. Another point of significance is the event of Biffs Epiphany. Here he realises the truth for the first time I was never a salesman for Bill Oliver and in doing so he shows Willy the truth as well. He actually HAS the epiphany at Olivers office but here is the first time we, as the audience, heard or know of it. Many say that Biff is the main reason why Willy takes his life as Miller states himself: Had Willy been unaware of his separation from values that endure he would have died contently while polishing his car But he was agonized by his awareness of being in a false position, so constantly haunted by the hollowness of everything he put his faith in And so if Biff had not confirmed what Willy had always known all along then maybe Willy might either still be alive or dies happily. However this point is very controversial. Biff is determined to break through the lies surrounding the Loman family in order to come to terms with his own life and his own identity, which his father made for him years a go. Intent on revealing the simple truth behind Willys fantasy: Biffs identity crisis can only be resolved by destroying his and his fathers disillusionment, which has a devastating effect on Willy leading to his suicide. However, taking into account of all the above, I personally believe this act is significant to the play as it provides great sympathy for all of the main characters. Biff, by his stage directions, is made to look sympathetic: (takes a breath, then reaches out and grasps Willys hand). (Smiling bravely) (Gets down on one knee before Willy) and so on. Even by the stage directions, the audience is shown the character of Biff as a sincere and caring person with an undying love for his father. Willy is shown sympathy through the mere bombardment of misfortunes that he faces: I was fired, and Im looking for a little good news to tell your mother . Willy will be onstage in utter confusion and desperation in this scene, (at a loss), and empathy would be felt by the audience due to the music and lighting which places the audience into Willys frame of mind. Happy is given sympathy by the fact that the audience can see that Biff has snapped out of The Great American Pipedream and Happy has not, and in doing so ensures his future life will be just like Willys and that is definitely an aspect for sympathy. Linda also is shown sympathy in this extract as Willy mentions her: because the woman has waited and the woman has suffered . Another factor of the acts significance is that it is riddled with dramatic impact, through lighting, music and action. Music provides a good medium for emotions and also works were as a foreshadow of events-to-come. Music such as the Raucous music used in the setting of the restaurant can show what the event will unfold to be. Also the flute music indicates a more relaxing and nostalgic appeal as the flute was Willys fathers trade. Lighting is a huge dramatic effect as it is the only way, unless the theatre is packed with playwrights, that the audience can understand what is happening especially during flashbacks. (Light on area snaps out). The use of lighting also allows the audience to empathise with Willy by seeing what he does: (light fades low on the restaurant). Also it can be used to set a scene as in the restaurant: a red glow rises behind screen at right, here Miller employs the colour scheme to complement the music, which in turn foretell the upcoming event. There are many dramatic moments in this scene. One of which is the event of the trumpet note: Biff: Listen, will you let me out of it, will you just let me out of it! Happy: What the hell! Willy: Tell me what happened! Biff: (to Happy) I cant talk to him! (A single trumpet note jars in the air) Before this, tension was building up slowly (speeches becoming shorter and shorter), with Biffs frustration to tell his father of his revelation and Willys determination to hear what he wants to. It builds at an exponential rate until the trumpet note. This is used here to empathise to the audience of the final breakdown between father and son. It is also a symbol of the heightened tension and emotions running. The audience is shocked and taken back by this, not suddenly, but still effectively. Sympathy is also felt at this point as these two once worshipped each other and now they are at this time of hatred. We can also, as the audience, know that Biff want to let him out of it (Willys dreams). Another dramatic moment was when Willy tells his boys: I was fired today. This is not a surprise to the audience, as we knew it would come; however when it came comes as a shock. It is abrupt and early on into the scene. Beforehand he was talking in tongue and the audience sees that he is confused. However this speech is a rare piece of metaphorical language used in the play as Miller tries to use as much everyday language as possible to keep a more naturalistic appeal and less focus on how characters are saying things but on what they are actually conveying through speech. He speaks of the woods are burning, which shows the desperation Willy is in and the fact that: he is seeing everything crowding around him, his dreams are burning, his dream of a country retirement, his beloved nature (woods) is being consumed by materialism (fire) and so is he. Also this metaphor re-enforces itself with: burning big blaze fired. This adds troubled depth to his life. The flashbacks that Willy has are very dramatic. Re-enforced using lighting and music as well they seem to patch up key points about the past that are missing. The whole play is about patching up the middle of a story that we already know the ending of Death of a Salesman. I use flashback in a loose sense, as they are not actually flashbacks. They, on stage, would be just as loud as reality, have the same lighting, are not distorted and so on. Also the fact that they are so alike to reality shows us that in Willys desperation to justify his own life, he has destroyed the boundaries from past to present. All of the flashbacks are juxtaposed with scenes of failure. The final dramatic scene in this extract is Happys line of: No, thats not my father. This is incredibly low and spiteful; the audience would not expect this even of Happy, who we know is already quite two faced in the way he acts towards Willy. Extremely tragic. This is right before Biffs elegy of Willy in which he refers to him as a Prince. However Happy cant even acknowledge him as a father. In Happys defence Willy ahs not really been the ideal father, but he still had Haps best interests at heart. However the audience can see that the character of Biff as a changed man: no longer bound into the capitalistic system that engulfed Willy, no longer deluding himself or others, no longer a LOW-MAN. In this extract, references are made to many different other stories. In Biffs speech Miller refers to A Troubled Prince as in Macbeth. In the scene afterwards where Biff is knocking on Willys door, also have similarities to Macbeth. Willys flashback to avoid the truth is reminiscent of Oedipus poking out his eyes. And finally Happys dismissal of Willy is like that of Peter and Jesus. This makes the scene significant as it contains all of these epic references. Death of a Salesman is a tragic tale of a man caught in a system he never got to know. During this restaurant scene, Willy decides he is worth more dead than alive because all he had left was his sons and after their failures and the breakdown of their relationship he is nothing. This scene in the restaurant is the most important of the entire play for this reason. It is also very dramatic as it reveals the death of a man, by the failures of him as a father, a salesman and of a man.

Group Assignment Essay Example for Free

Group Assignment Essay A group is a collection of three or more people who interact and attempt to influence each other in order to accomplish a common purpose. The purpose of a group or team may range from preparing a new advertising campaign, to sharing information informally, to making important decisions, to fulfilling social needs, or just coming up with a solution to help a friend in need. Groups are a fundamental structure for accomplishing a wide variety of human tasks. I love working in groups because they give you a chance to work together with new personalities and new, refreshing ideas. The only time I dont like working in groups is when there are people who aren’t willing to put the effort they could and posses, into the work assigned. During our last two classes we were separated into groups of six and given different topics which we were supposed to come up with solutions for. For the most part my group worked very well together on the first topic. We had great communication, and everyone was able to share their opinion on the matter. I believe that our group showed all of the characteristics of a healthy group, and if I had to do future group work I would most definitely choose to work with that group again. We showed interdependence which is the relation between two or more people and how their relationship directly affects the other. First, we started off by explaining the topic to the group again, than we each took turns going around in the circle and explaining how we each felt about the subject. After each person was done, the group took turns asking that person about questions about their view of the subject trying to take in everybody else’s opinions as well as our own and taking them into consideration instead of just throwing out someone else’s idea. I believe we all held each other accountable as well; making sure that everyone was conforming to the group’s norms and working together towards the group goal. No one interrupted anyone else. We made sure that everyone had a chance to speak their mind without being criticized or looked down upon because of the way they were thinking. We took everyone else’s thoughts and put them together to come up with what we believed to be a good solution for the topic that we were given. I was in a group with Sonny and I believe that he took the leadership role within the group. He was the most vocal, and the person who got others to speak their minds. I also think that my role within the group was that of a supporter. I was encouraging different members of our group whether their ideas were accepted by the group, or dismissed. I have always been afraid or nervous of working in groups during class because I usually don’t know any of people in my group, but working in a group with unfamiliar people is better because none of those people have a bias opinion about you. You can speak your mind without having to hear somebody else criticize your opinions or thoughts. In conclusion, I believe working in groups is an easy and efficient way to come up with well thought out, plausible solutions for many different situations that you might not be able to come up with on your own or with just one other person. These past two days have given me a more broad understanding of groups, and how to participate in one.

6lowpan Neighbor Discovery Protocol Computer Science Essay

6lowpan Neighbor Discovery Protocol Computer Science Essay The IPv6 over IEEE 802.15.4 has specified way how to carry IPv6 packets over IEEE 802.15.4 standardized devices and similar networks with the introduction of an adaptation header which comes before the IP header and just after MAC layer, a link in such a 6LoWPAN is characterized as lossy, with minimum power consumption, minimum data rate, small range, with many nodes saving energy with hibernating or deep sleep schedules. IEEE standards are based on low memory devices which has a limited MTU size keeping this under consideration we have to see how we can fit IPv6 address in that limited space we have and even UDP packets also which are used in our transmission. IPv6 already posses a big memory but in use of 6LoWPAN all the headers are compressed with special compression algorithm so that they can be fit in the limited space of IEEE standardized MTU. Compressing algorithm are bit different according to the use or according to the network topology, as 6LoWPAN support both ad hoc and st ar technically used as Mesh Under and Route Over. | Application Layer | | Transport Layer (TCP/UDP) | +-+ | Network ++ | | Layer | Routing | | | (IPv6) ++ | +-+ | 6LoWPAN Adaptation Layer | +-+ | IEEE 802.15.4 (MAC) | +-+ | IEEE 802.15.4 (PHY) | +-+ Figure X: New adaption layer introduces IEEE 802.15.4 has some several types of frames like beacon frames, MAC command frames, acknowledge frames and off course data frames also, IEEE standardize addressing mode also which are further described in this documents these are 2 basic i.e. 16-bit short addresses or a unique identifier and 64-bit unique addresses. A particular LoWPAN header will be like this after compressed field containing all the field like IEEE header Mesh header or if Route over is used depending on the network topology used then fragment header and in the end IPv6 compressed header. Figure X: Typical LoWPAN Header Stack Several compression methods are used or developed to keep the header compressed and fitted in limited amount of space and should be working according to the desired need, compression algorithm like gzip, deflate, ROHC but normally and best fit for this scenarios are the HC1 or HC2 compression header formats. They are predefined formats having their own formatting to represent data and data types [9]. This can best describe us how the header look like after all there field filled and necessary information saved for transmitting the packet from node to other may be in the LoWPAN or may be on other LoWPAN, this is only the structure defined and use by the LoWPAN nodes. Now we can consider a node which wanted to join a network and what necessary things will be needed and what processes it has to go through to final get his IPv6 address, as IPv6 has some standard predefined for normal Ethernet use like multicast as used in classic IPv6 Neighbor Discovery is not useable and desirable in such a wireless low-power, lossy network. Network discovery is just a simple procedure as defined in classical IPv6 to get the fresh node bind with the network. 6LoWPAN Neighbor Discovery (6LoWPAN-ND) is specially designed for LoWPAN networks which provides some basic operations of bootstrapping and other simple network operation, even they some advanced features includes claim and defends address generation and Extended LoWPAN over backbone links, while avoiding the flooding from multicast; this solution supports the use of both link-layer and LoWPAN-level Mesh Under and Route Over solutions. 6LoWPAN-ND design introduces a registration method over the radio edge of the network and proxy operation over the federating backhaul, this registration mechanism provides a examination similar to the Multicast Address Resolution Server (MARS) for a restricted purpose, and in a much simpler and generic way for those link scope multicasts is unavoidable, such as for Router Advertisements, optimizations may be used to optimize the distribution of the information in the LoWPAN. The new concept behind LoWPAN Whiteboard located at Edge Routers (ERs) is introduced which works as the cache to maintain he entries from the registration of nodes, which allows for Duplicate Address Detection for the entire LoWPAN. A new registration/confirmation message sequence is specified so that nodes can register themselves with their IPv6 addresses with an Edge Router. These white boards are the cache of edge routers contain all the information regarding the nodes which are registered with the LoWPAN wit h their unique IPv6 address and network prefixes. The Whiteboard uses soft bindings of nodes meaning the entries will be expires until particular time if not getting updates from nodes before the life time of registration of the nodes expires, thus nodes can send periodic registration messages in order to update their bindings with the edge routers and to keep the cache record updated which node was last updated and registered to which LoWPAN router range, changes in network topology and mobility between ERs and LoWPAN are supported and sometimes unreachability of routers can be detected in this way. This research also put an eye on the combination of an Extended LoWPAN with more than one edge router working in same LoWPAN sharing same backbone link (e.g. Ethernet) getting advantage of having a single IPv6 subnet. This allows nodes to keep the same IPv6 address throughout a large network if they move from the domain of one edge router to other and registers them with a new edge router which allows for easy communications and even ro uting among the same LoWPAN is easy with nodes over the backbone link and with other IPv6 hosts. Edge Routers backed by Ethernet link working on an edge of LoWPAN networks in this particular scenario one edge router will be maintaining or working as DHCPv6 server and other routers in his domain will be working as relaying router. A LoWPAN network typically uses two types of Layer 2 addresses à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ for example 16-bit short addresses or a unique identifier and 64-bit unique addresses. Additionally, the available Layer 2 payload size with respect to payload we might need to use header compression as explained earlier and use a minimum payload on the order of less than 100 bytes. These network is lossy and battery-powered, and it does not support multicast capability at the link-layer, thus pretending multicast actions by both using broadcast or sending a number of unicast messages which are costly for the battery powered network and the low-processing capable nodes. Often these battery-powered nodes save energy by using sleep schedules and keeping themselves in sleep mode to save battery power; waking them up just to receive IPv6 signaling messages so that they can only be updated in our oneà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s domain only is not useful on this case what nodes usually programmed as they will get themselves updated and the registration has a life time and if the node did not update himself before that the entry in the white board will be discarded, these nodes do schedule there sleep time but keeping the timer of registration a little longer then there sleeping time so usually they wake up before the cache entry expires, also they are not competent of processing RA for their neighbors efficiently. Sometimes due to the strong radio signal from a neighbor router or its own strength, a node may often move from one network to other network from one router to another without physically moving. Considering the above characteristics in a LoWPAN, and the IPv6 Neighbor Discovery basic requirement of his protocol, it was finalized that class ic ND protocol of IPv6 is not good to be used in LoWPAN so a little different protocol for LoWPAN has been designed as 6LoWPAN-specific ND. 4.1 6LoWPAN Neighbor Discovery Protocol Overview 6LoWPAN Neighbor Discovery optimizes with a mechanism which is on its own least yet very important for LoWPAN IPv6 operation. 6LoWPAN-ND defines a registration process which optimizing the node-router interface, this mechanism do not work on flooding which reduces link-local multicast frequency. 6LoWPAN-ND can work with non-transitive links also, the use of mesh-under and route-over techniques and makes no hypothesis about node synchronization. 6LoWPAN-ND is compatible so that they will be used with the link-layer mesh techniques, which improve the if not non-transitive characteristic nature of wireless links if they are used throughout the LoWPAN, this normally called Mesh Under topology which make the whole link IP layer as having a link-local scope making all the 6LoWPAN interfaces in the LoWPAN. This kind of LoWPAN is consisting of hosts and Edge Routers, this link still lossy, slow data rate, irregular behavior along with sleep mode. The non-transitive nature of the link can be overcome simply by using routing based on IP with in single domain of a LoWPAN, also called a Route over topology. Routing between all nodes in the LoWPAN is done by LoWPAN Routers in the LoWPAN. Mesh Under and Route Over techniques are not limited. 4.1.1 Bootstrapping A Host performs independent address auto configuration of its link-local unique and single t address for each LoWPAN interface from its EUI-64. The process of joining a LoWPAN is done either by listening of RA or either by sending a broadcast message of Router Solicitation (RS) and in return it will receive RA an acknowledgement message responses from local routers, there may be more than one router it a particular range. It mainly depending if a true prefix is advertised in the RA, the host will also form a positive global unique address with auto configuration, this is the point the node can choose more than onr router if its available to get himself registered its only if it have signals from more than one LoWPAN. After selecting the desired router the node will make some effort to first perform node registration and get itself bind with a router, registration is performed with a link-local Edge Router or LoWPAN Router by sending a unicast Node Registration (NR) message to it from host to router. It is more good to get yourself registered directly with an Edge Router, although all other routers with in a LoWPAN has capability to work as a relaying agent on the LoWPAN have the capability to relay NR/NC messages on behalf of a node. The NR contains the addresses of the node who wants to register. A node may also request a short address of 16 bit to be generated on its behalf when the Edge Router get a request of NR its replies either directly with a Node Confirmation (NC) message to the host or through the help of relaying router which is in between node and edge router, relaying routers only exist in Route Over configurations or network topology and in pure Mesh Under network topology and scena rio, configurations nodes are within link-local scope or range of an Edge Router. This NC message includes the set of unique addresses which will be updated and also made an entry in the Whiteboard and address will be bound to the ER the Host is now registered and can use the LoWPAN. 4.1.2 Basic operation The node is now ready to use and may send packets to any IPv6 address inside or outside the LoWPAN or over the internet every request for Next-hop will be sent to the predefined default router but only local address which will redirected to as they are present in local domain. The white board entries and binding table of LoWPAN Router must be renewed on every pre defined intervals as per advertised interval and the lifetime of the binding, the white board entry will be valid in till it expires and then the current entry will deleted from the routers cache. This is achieved by occasionally sending a new NR message when ever host changes his location from original LoWPAN to another LoWPAN or may be some change in network topology occurs or may be some certain router is no longer in reach then host have to get them registered again with the nearest available route. Host then starts the registration process with another router if the LoWPAN does not change for host its IPv6 addresses rem ain the same. Addresses bound or the entry in the Whiteboard must be remembered by the host and updated in order to keep the address. If the host moves to a different LoWPAN, the bootstrapping process is initiated again the host may be moved while he is sleeping mode. LoWPAN Routers at times send RAs to their neighbors in order to keep themselves and their neighbors updated. The Edge Router triggered the first RAs, and information from these RAs is included in the RAs of each further router where this RA travel, causing the information to be spread throughout the LoWPAN and to every router on it. 4.2 Address collision detection and resolution The address collision process can be carried out within the Edge Router if the Edge Router already has an entry in his cache for registration of a given address in his white board or over the Backbone Link using Duplicate Address Detection mechanism designed to clear the mess if more than one router are keeping the same entry of a node in there white board. For this case, a new ND option is introduced in the NS/NA messages from routers to carry additional information to resolve the conflicts in all over domain range if any duplicate identity is present; the Owner Interface Identifier Option is used in NS/NA messages to carry the added information necessary for the resolution of conflicts: Transaction ID, Owner Interface Identifier, and Owner Nonce. In any case generally, the Edge Router of LoWPAN is in charge of the resolution which is the same Edge Router that handles all the registration processes of the LoWPAN nodes. A conflict only occurs when a Node already registered and router again receives registration request making it a duplicated address over the same network for that node and an IPv6 address that is already registered with a different OII at the same or another Edge Router. The address collision is only occurred while one node may be in sleeping node or normally moves from one LoWPAN to another, when it receives new LoWPAN it will try to get himself registered to that new edge router or may be contact the relaying router to get himself registered. At that very moment it will be checked which router has the registration entry of this node or its new node for this LoWPAN. Mobility of the nodes with in a same subnet or within a single domain of a LoWPAN router subnet is supported it has least effects on entries on white board, as the node is with on domain of a router no extra registration is necessary making no duplication of addresses in an Extended LoWPAN, a LoWPAN Node may move around from one Edge router to a new Edge Router visibly and at any time. The protocol for this mobility detection is designed to differentiate the mobility and clear out the registration states or any duplication among routers white board. The node registration triggered by an Edge Router that processes usually takes over an existing registration present among his domain or maintained by a defendant Edge Router this decision to transfer the registration from an Edge Router to another edge router is made by the Edge Router that is processing a Node Registration message depending on its states for that particular registration and ND exchanges over the Backbone Link if we talk about extend LoWPAN. If the node is already registered on a backbone link or to any other router with in a LoWPAN the chances of getting conflicts occurs when getting the registration of the same node start by, the resolution of such conflict is overcome by using classic Duplicate Address Detection mechanism; ità ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s quite simple who claim and have proof of the nodes ownership will succeed. Once a node registration message received to an edge router, the Edge Router checks for the existing registration for that IPv6 address in its LoWPAN whiteboard. If the entry does not exist then the Edge Router concerns the address over the Backbone Link using duplicate address detection mechanism. The edge router who is defending the address when gets the DAD message will reply back to this message with an acknowledgment and with owner identifier otherwise if the message is timed out then the edge router who advertised the DAD message will accept the registration of this node. It will create an entry on its white board and update the node with a positive confirmation message. If some router claims the ownership of the replies with his owner identifier and when the edge router get this message it will check the owner identifier interface in the message and matches it with the entries in his white board. If its present then the address is duplicate and already present on the network, taking this on account the request for registration is discarded and duplicate address detection is successful completed his task. If there are by any chance two routers claims to be the owner then checking the owner identifiers and matching them with the OII present in NA message will be checked and who has the Transaction ID will be claimed as owner and other request will be discarded. The router who a loss the registration has to keep the entry in his white board till the time period of this registration is expires.

The Name Of War, Jill Lepore Essay -- essays research papers

Book Review The Name of War: King Philip's War and the Origins of American Identity Our history books continue to present our country's story in conventional patriotic terms. America being settled by courageous, white colonists who tamed a wilderness and the savages in it. With very few exceptions our society depicts these people who actually first discovered America and without whose help the colonists would not have survived, as immoral, despicable savages who needed to be removed by killing and shipping out of the country into slavery. In her book, The Name of War: King Philip's War and the Origins of American Identity, Jill Lepore tells us there was another side to the story of King Philip’s War. She goes beyond the actual effects of the war to discuss how language, literacy, and privilege have had lasting effects on the legacy that followed it. In 1675, tensions between Native Americans and colonists residing in New England erupted into the brutal conflict that has come to be known as King Philip's War, the bloodiest battle in America history, in proportion to population it was also the deadliest war in American history. The English colonists wished to rid the country of the Indians in order to seize their land. They believed the Indians were savages and therefore were not worthy of equal rights. The English took their land and disrupted their traditional systems of trade and agriculture. As a result, the power of native religious leaders was corrupted. The Indians we...

Essay on the Selfish Mrs. Mallard in Kate Chopins The Story of an Hour

Selfish Mrs. Mallard in The Story of an Hour  Ã‚   Kate Chopin’s story, "The Story of an Hour," may seem to be about Mrs. Mallard’s unexpected and ironic reactions to the news of her husband’s untimely death due to a railroad disaster. At least that’s what I thought when I read the story. It seemed to me that she led a normal life with a normal marriage. She had a stable home life with a kind, loving husband who cared for her. She seemed to love him, sometimes. She had some kind of "heart trouble" (Chopin 25) that didn’t really affect her physically, until the very end. I thought Mrs. Mallard would have been saddened and filled with grief for an adequate period of time after her spouse died, but her grief passed quickly, and she embraced a new life that she seemed to be content with. Therefore I believe there is good evidence that Mrs. Mallard was an ungrateful woman who did not appreciate her husband or his love for her. That evidence is found in her selfish behavior after the death of her husband, Brently Mallard. Mrs. Mallard’s reaction to the sad news was natural, but her time spent to overcome her melancholy feelings passed too rapidly. All of a sudden she was eager to start her widowed life. Immediately after she heard the sad news of her husband’s death, "She wept at once, with sudden, wild abandonment, in her sister’s arms" (Chopin 25). This is acceptable and understandable to me because I feel that anyone who had just lost his/her spouse would want to be comforted by a close family member. The story then reads, "When the storm of grief had spent itself she went away to her room alone. She would have no one follow her" (Chopin 25). I found it to be odd that she would just get up and head straight for her room. The t... ...ishness that got its just reward? Work Cited Chopin, Kate. "The Story of an Hour." The Harper Anthology of Fiction. Ed. Sylvan Barnet. New York: HarperCollins, 1991. Works Consulted Bender, Bert. "Kate Chopin." Short Story Criticism. Ed. Thomas Votteler. Vol. 8. Detroit: Gale Research Inc., 1991. 20 vols. Ewell, Barbara C. "Kate Chopin." Short Story Criticism. Ed. Thomas Votteler. Vol. 8. Detroit: Gale Research Inc., 1991. 20 vols. Magill, Frank N., ed. Critical Survey of Short Fiction. Revised ed. Vol. 2. Pasadena: Salem Press, 1993. 7 vols. Seyersted, Per. "Kate Chopin." Twentieth Century Literary Criticism. Eds. James E. Person, Jr. and Dennis Poupard. Vol. 14. Detroit: Gale Research Company, 1984. 60 vols. Skaggs, Peggy. "Kate Chopin." Short Story Criticism. Ed. Thomas Votteler. Vol. 8. Detroit: Gale Research Inc., 1991. 20 vols.

A Crossing of Old and New: Riddle 55 of the Exeter Book Essay -- Riddl

A Crossing of Old and New: Riddle 55 of the Exeter Book I saw in the hall, where heroes drank, carried onto the floor a wondrous woodtree of four kinds and wound gold, cunningly fastened treasure, and part of silver 5 and the sign of the cross, which He raised the ladder for us to heaven before He stormed the city of the inhabitants of hell. I can easily tell before noblemen the origin of this tree: there was maple and oak and the hard yew 10 and the dark holly: All together [they] were useful to the L(l)ord; All have one name, gallows; that often warded off (received) a weapon for its liege lord, a treasure in the hall, a gold-hilted sword. Now show me the answer 15 of this song, he who presumes to say in words how the wood is called. Most of the riddles contained in the Exeter Book have been answered to the satisfaction of the majority Anglo-Saxon scholars. One that continues to elude a definitive answer, however, is Riddle 55. Several solutions have been suggested, but only three have received critical consideration. Dietrich first offered the solution as scabbard, explaining, "The scabbard is richly decorated and divided into quarters by a cross, probably each quarter was made of a different wood" (qtd. in Taylor 497). Craig Williamson refutes this answer by pointing out that Anglo-Saxon shields were lined with leather or fleece and sometimes covered with cloth. In addition, "the structural weakness of such a hybrid should be obvious" (Williamson 307). Another solution, suggested by Leibermann, is sword rack, to which Williamson remarks, "there is no evidence in Old English or in Anglo-Saxon archaeology for the existence of an early English sword rack. There i... ...old as Christ’s deputy to their thanes. In any case, Riddle 55 deserves all the attention it has received from scholars. Works Cited Chaney, William A. The Cult of Kingship in Anglo-Saxon England: The Transition from Paganism to Christianity. Berkeley; U of California P, 1970. Chickering, Howell D., Jr., ed., trans. Beowulf. New York: Anchor Books, 1977. Crossley-Holland, Kevin, ed., trans. The Anglo-Saxon World: An Anthology. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1982. Mitchell, Bruce, and Fred C Bruce, eds. A Guide to Old English. 5th ed. Oxford: Blackwell, 1992. Taylor, Keith P. "Mazers, Mead, and the Wolf’s-head tree: A Reconsideration of Old English Riddle 55." Journal of English and Germanic Philology 94.4 (1995): 497-512. Williamson, Craig, ed. The Old English Riddles of the Exeter Book. Chapel Hill: U of North Carolina P, 1977.

“Liquidity Management Via Interest Rate Corridor in Pakistan- and Experience of Other Countries’ Emerging Markets”

STATE BANK OF PAKISTAN SUMMER INTERNSHIP PROJECT REPORT 2011 â€Å"Liquidity Management via Interest Rate Corridor in Pakistan- and Experience of Other Countries’ Emerging Markets† Submitted to: Sir Mubarak By: Tooba Sarfaraz Rafia Parvez Sumbul Masood Introduction to State Bank of Pakistan: State Bank of Pakistan, the central bank of the country was established in July 1948 I. e. , within one year after Pakistan gained independence. Being the central bank, it regulates the monetary policy and the credit system of the country to foster its growth in the best national interest with a view to secure monetary stability and to fully utilize the productive resources of the country. The bank’s operations also include preserving the value as well as maintaining stability in the Banking system. Vision: â€Å"To transform the SBP into a modern and dynamic central bank, highly professional and efficient, fully equipped to play a meaningful role in sustainable basis in the economic and social development of Pakistan. † Mission: To promote monetary and financial stability and foster a sound and dynamic financial system, so as to achieve, sustained and equitable economic growth and prosperity. † Introduction to Domestic markets and monetary management department (DMMD): Domestic Markets and monetary management department was created in Sept 2006 as a result of comprehensive restructuring within State Bank of Pakistan with the objective of transforming the central bank into a dynamic institution more responsive to the growing sophistication in the financial markets. DMMD is an offshoot of the previous Exchange and Debt Management Department (EDMD), which was established in Feb 2000. Vision: â€Å"To illustrate a proactive, professional and planned approach for effective management of exchange and debt markets so as to contribute towards accomplishment of exchange and monetary policy objectives. † Mission: DMMD strives to set performance benchmark within SBP and Pakistan’s financial markets. Departmental goals: The core objective of DMMD is to implement the monetary policy objective of the State bank of Pakistan by using the available tools in both the money and foreign exchange markets. Departmental objectives: * Monetary Policy Implementation: a. Maintenance of stable interest rates in inter-bank money market through proactive management of money market liquidity. b. Raising short term government debt and developing yield curve through auction of market treasury bills c. Proactive management of money market liquidity through open market operations d. Liquidity management through interest rate corridor system. * Exchange Rate Policy Management: a. Stable exchange rates and Forward premiums at appropriate /sustainable levels b. Sale and purchase of third currencies at optimum prices c. Smooth and sufficiently liquid foreign exchange markets d. Optimal accumulation of foreign exchange reserves and forward portfolio * Reserve Management: a. Optimal utilization of reserve portfolio and maximum returns on investment of surplus reserves. Hiring of investment consultants and fund managers for optimizing returns. * Debt Management a. Domestic debt i. Developing the markets for government securities ii. Coordination between monetary and fiscal policies iii. Raising short term and long term domestic debt for the government v. Data base management of permanent and floating debts. b. External debt i. Monitoring and ensuring prompt payment of external debt installments through state bank of Pakistan and commercial banks. Introduction of an Interest Rate Corridor In order to reduce the volatility in short term interest rates and to bring more transparency in the implementation of monetary policy, State Bank of Pakistan has decided to introduce an interest rate corridor for the money market overnight repo rates. The corridor will operate through standing overnight repo / reverse-repo facilities (i. . floor & ceiling), setting a formal corridor for the money market overnight repo rates consistent with the monetary policy of State Bank of Pakistan. The salient features of the interest rate corridor are as follows: 1. The interest rate corridor will consist of two end-of-day Standing facilities offered by State Bank of Pakistan: Existing SBP 3-day Repo Facility will be renamed as SBP Overnight Reverse-Repo Facility, which will become the ‘Ceiling’; and a new SBP Overnight Repo Facility to absorb excess funds from the market will serve as the ‘Floor’ of the corridor. . The procedure for availing the end-of-day financing facility from State Bank of Pakistan at the ‘Ceiling’ rate in case the market is short of funds will continue to be in accordance with the existin g practices and instructions issued by State Bank of Pakistan from time to time in reference to the ‘SBP 3 day Repo Facility (now renamed as SBP Overnight Reverse-Repo Facility) against Government of Pakistan Market Treasury Bills and Federal/Pakistan Investment Bonds. 3. The overnight end-of-day standing repo facility at the ‘Floor’ rate will be available to scheduled banks and primary dealers which are left with excess funds in the interbank market. These funds can be placed with State Bank of Pakistan in the form of an overnight repo against Treasury Bills at the   Ã¢â‚¬ËœFloor’ rate. Some of the operational details are as under: a. Only scheduled banks and primary dealers will be eligible to place the funds at the ‘Floor’ rate with State Bank of Pakistan . This facility will only be available at the end of the day, when it can be ascertained that the market has excess funds. c. The time for intimating this amount to the State Bank of Pakistan will be between 2:30pm to 3. 30pm from Monday to Friday and between 12:00pm to 1. 00pm on Saturday. (Specimen format is enclosed). d. The minimum amount for the Overnight Repo/Reverse Repo Facility will be PKR. 100 million, and in multiples of PKR. 50 million thereof. e. The Treasury Bills acquired under the Standing Overnight Repo facility from State Bank of Pakistan will be SLR eligible. 4. The ‘Floor’ and the ‘Ceiling’ rates (and the width of the corridor) will be advised by the State Bank of Pakistan from time to time as deemed necessary. 5. State Bank of Pakistan will continue to conduct term Open Market Operations (OMOs) in the form of repos/ reverse-repos as per current practice in addition to these standing facilities. 6. The interest rate corridor will be applicable from 17Aug, 2009. i. MONETARY POLICY: Monetary policy is the mechanism or the process through which the government, the central bank or the monetary authority of any country controls or determines the (a) supply of money, (b) the availability of money, (c) the cost of money or the interest rate, keeping in mind the broad strategic objectives of the state regarding price level, growth and stability in an economy and the overall policies that supports or u nder which people would want to start businesses and provide employment. When the incident of 9/11 happened, the overall economic environment of the world was affected very seriously and an impact of tightening monetary policy also falls. After the incident the foreign investment shoot up and flow of money continuously increased, although the value of money was stabilized but it causes inflation in many countries as well as in Pakistan. The inflow of foreign remittances resulted in inflationary pressure. In 2001, SBP revised its policy to control the flow of money. Since 2004, SBP in continuously issuing monetary policy statement biannually from Jan-June and second from July-Dec. TOOLS FOR IMPLEMENTING MONETARY POPLICY: To implement its objectives , some tools are required: 1. Direct Instruments 2. Indirect Instruments DIRECT INSTRUMENTS: * Cash Reserve Requirements (CRR) * Statutory Liquidity Requirements (SLR) CASH RESEVE REQUIREMENTS (CRR):

DBQ Manchester Advice

Know what you need to address in your thesis and in your essay. It will help you to organize better if you can correctly assess the task that you are given. B) The rubric requires an â€Å"explicitly stated thesis that addresses all parts of the question. † The prompt here is: Identify the issues raised by the growth of Manchester and analyze the various reactions to those issues over the course of the 19thCentury. Here is an organization that tracks the prompt and will lead to a solid thesis: Issues Positive Reactions Negative Reactions 1 (massive groom) 6 (disease, bad health, bad morals) 8 (short life span) 3 (better lives) 9 (workshop to world) 10 (conditions improved) 2 (ugly, no beauty) 4 (dangerous discontent) 5 (man is made savage) 7 (is progress worth it? ) 11 (picture of filth) Here are some example theses that follow this group ping:The growth of Manchester led to many issues with varying reactions from different people. Romantics and activists saw very negative eff ects of the mass arbitration, while liberals tended to view the outcomes as overwhelmingly positive. As the growth of Manchester began to reach its peak many issues were brought to the forefront of debate such as health concerns and social conditions. Furthermore, these issues caused various

(a Farewell to Arms)Modern Tragedy Essay

Throughout the history of American literature, stories of the white knight saving the damsel in distress and riding off into the sunset to live happily ever after have plagued our shelves for centuries. The birth of the modern tragedy came in the late 19th century and early 20th century with novels such as Red badge of Courage, and All Quiet on the Western Front. They show the realism of war and the harass tragedy that comes with it. Ernest Hemingway was a product of war himself, serving in the WWI. Some consider his short narrative, A Farwell to Arms to be a reflection on his life during the war. Hemingway uses many themes, including love, faith, war and death in order to turn this story in a modern tragedy for the world to see. Some older writers of literature believe a true tragedy can only depict those with power and high status. As centuries past, the modern writer’s belief that tragedy may also depict ordinary people in domestic surrounding came to life in stories such as Henrik Ibsen â€Å"A Dolls House. † With the emergency of the modern tragedy, Hemingway released A Farewell to Arms. Through out this short story filled with five short narratives, you are taken on a journey through the eyes of a soldier, Frederic Henry, and into a tragic love story. His farewell is from Henry, to the woman Catherine Barkley, whose arms held understanding in the crazy world of the Great War. In the beginning of the book, Hemingway takes the main character, Henry, and introduced him to Catherine Barkley, the women he becomes romantically entangled with. Catherine seems to have a full grasp on the idea of war and the tragedy that comes with it. Henry, whose emotions towards woman have dulled, is rekindled with the emergence of Catherine. â€Å"I had treated seeing Catherine very lightly, I had gotten somewhat drunk and had nearly forgotten to come but when I could not see her there I was feeling lonely and hollow. † (41) Henry is describing his first intimation that his feelings for Catherine Barkley are more significant than he has previously felt for other women. The paradox of this occurring is, that Henry has Catherine to care for, and she all ready lost one love in the war. A modern tragedy looks at the average man with an everyday occurrence. Hemingway uses Henry to show the reader what can occur to men in time of war, and how it affects their life. It also shows their struggle to adapt to tragedy. As Italians are losing ground, many soldiers are losing faith and drawing back. â€Å"They were beaten to start with. They were beaten when they took them from their farms and put them in the army. That is why the peasant has wisdom, because he is defeated from the start. Put him in power and see how wise he is. † (179) Henry, to the priest concerning the disposition of the Italian army, Soldiers of this Italian army are just regular men, put into this situation. Henry has lost faith in the military, and the war. After fleeing an army, Hemingway brings Henry back to Catherine. Hemingway brings this relationship to the next level of love and ecstasy. Carrying them off too Switzerland, to live carefree form the Italian country they could not return to. Catherine becomes pregnant and Henry comes to the realization that he truly does love this women. â€Å"We knew the baby was very close now and it gave us both a feeling as though something were hurrying us and we could not lose any time together. † (311) Henry describing he and Catherine’s mood in the weeks before the baby is due. Hemingway portrays these main characters in bliss, and the deep love they share with each other. Neither knew that a traumatic conclusion loomed around the corner. In the final narrative of A Farewell to Arms, Hemingway concluded this modern tragedy with the birth of a still born baby to Henry and Catherine. Following this ironic occurrence, Catherine hemorrhaging was too much for the doctors to repair and she quickly faded away. â€Å"But after I had got them out and shut the door and turned off the light it wasn’t any good. It was like saying good-by to a statue. After awhile I went out and left the hospital and walked back to the hotel in the rain. † (332) Hemingway ends this tragic love story of and ordinary man in an ordinary situation, who meets with a heartbreaking loss of a child and the women he loves. He lost a woman, who seems to have an understanding and the ability to shelter him from the world plagued by war. A Farewell to Arms, which Henry narrates after Catherine’s death, confirms his love and his loss. Hemingway proves his ability to write a modern tragedy in these five short narratives. He uses this ordinary character, Henry, and shows the views of someone who has love and lost. Hemingway uses many themes to show his readers the dramatics’ that war can bring to people, and the quirk of fate, which people go through everyday. Man has the ability to lose faith when confronted with adversity, but also can learn to love as he shows when Henry transforms from a man looking for pleasure, to a man that falls in love. A Farewell to Arms is a classic modern tragedy that proves that there is not always a happy ending, and happily ever after doesn’t occur all the time.

Management, Motivation, and Leadership Essay

Review Questions 1. Review the definition of management at the beginning of the chapter and briefly define each of the 4 functions. What are the challenges in carrying out these functions in today’s hyper-competitive marketplace? Planning- Determining organizational goals and action plans for how to achieve those goals. Organizing- determining a structure for both individual jobs and the overall organization. Leading-directing and motivating people to achieve organizational goals. Controlling-monitoring performance and making adjustments as needed. The challenge in planning is that planning is essentially forecasting future actions and events. Most actions or events are dependent upon contingencies that must occur in order for the plan to be successful. The highly competitive nature of today’s marketplace requires planning that can accommodate changes so management plans continue to stay on target. 2. How has the role of the manager changed in the last couple of decades? What forces have driven the changes? The old concept of a manager was one that drives employee’s to work. The assumption with this model is that people that come to work do not necessarily want to work and that micro-management techniques and a heavy hand over employees is the only thing that will motivate them to complete work according to company requirements. Now however, the new theory of management is one where the employee is expected to be more of a self-managing professional. The manager’s role is more inspirational, leading by example and instructing employees rather than â€Å"lording over† them. This change has occurred primarily in response to evidence that has found that employees who are satisfied with their workplace and enjoy their job are more highly motivated, higher producing and more focused on the  interests of the company. 3. Define technical skills, human skills, and conceptual skills. How do these three skills connect with the different levels of management? How do critical thinking and decision- making skills come into play? Technical- Expertise in a specific functional area or department Human- the ability to work effectively with and through other people in a range or different relationships. Conceptual- the ability to grasp a big picture view of the overall organization, the relationships among its various parts, and its fit in the broader competitive environment. Front-line managers must have a high degree of technical skills, which help them hire, train, and evaluate employees; avoid mistakes; and ensure high quality production. Middle-level managers need an especially high level of human skills. They typically act as the bridge between departments, coordinating people and projects that sometimes have mismatched priorities. Top-level managers must demonstrate excellent conceptual skills in order to formulate a vision, interpret marketplace trends, and plan for the future. 4. Which theory of motivation do you find most compelling? What factors should you consider when choosing a motivational approach? Explain your answers. Personally, expectancy theory is the most compelling. I believe motivation is self-created. Therefor the reward is also self-created. For example, going for a run requires self-motivation, the self-reward is feeling better about yourself and looking better in return. You should consider the reward, the cost, the supply and the demand. 5. Outline the three levels of management planning in terms of scope of planning and typical questions and concerns. Why does communication withim the organization play such a vital role in effective planning? Strategic planning: Senior Management, Typically five-years time frame Should we acquire a new company? Should we begin manufacturing in China? Should we expand to overseas markets? Should we take our company public? Tactical planning: Middle management, Typically one-year time frame Should we spend more time servicing each customer? Should we hire a public relations agency to handle PR? Should we spend fewer ad dollars on TV and more on the web? Operational planning: First line management, daily, weekly and monthly TF How should we schedule employees this week? When should we schedule delivery for each batch of product? How should customer service people answer the phones? Successful firms often encourage flow of feedback up and down the organization to ensure that all key plans are sound and that all key players â€Å"buy in.† 6. What is the purpose of a mission statement? Why are the most effectictive mission statements simple, vivid, and compelling? The mission defines the organization’s purpose, values, and core goals, providing the framework for all other plans. It is simple, vivid and compelling so that the employees from the janitor to the CEO, from the customers to investors can easily understand. 7. Name five potential sources of competitive advantage that might be strengths in a SWOT analysis. Are these advantages likely to change over time? Why or why not? Premium brand name, proven management team, lower costs/ higher margins, diverse workforce, higher consumer demand. I think these are definitely likely to change simply cause who knows how long you can maintain a low cost, high margin company. Anything can happen. 8. What are the pros and cons of each key organizational structure? Which do you think would be the best fit for you? Explain your answer. Centralization: Pros: simple and efficient and the result tends to be a strong corporate image and a uniform customer approach across the front lines. Cons: typically respond more lowly to customer needs and have lower employee morale. Span of Control: Pros & cons are determined based on the abilities of both the manager and the subordinates, the nature of the work being done, the location of the employees, and the need for planning and coordinating. Line Organizations: Pros: quick decision making and no fuzziness about who is responsible for what. Cons: lack of specialists to provide advice or support line managers. Inflexibility, too much paper work and even incompetence. Line-and-Staff Organizations: Same pros as line organizations without all the drawbacks. Matrix Organizations: Pros: encourages teamwork and communication. Offers flexibility, lends itself to innovative solutions. Creates a higher level of motivation and satisfaction for employees. Cons: The need for constant communication can bog down a company in too many meetings. The steady state of flux can be overwhelming for both manager and employees. And having two bosses can cause conflict and stress for everyone. I think Spans of Control fits me best because I work best based off the location, manager, work being done and the planning and coordinating. 9. What are the characteristics of effective leaders? What leadership style do most effective leaders use? Leaders are trustworthy, visionary, and inspiring. Also includes empathy,  courage, creativity, intelligence, and fairness. I think Democratic Leaders are the most effective. 10. If an employee falls short of meeting his or her goals, what factors should a manager consider before engaging in disciplinary action? Explain your answer. I think disciplining employees for poor performance should come only after exploring the reasons for not meeting goals and making changes if necessary. Sources â€Å"Planning – The Practice of Proactively Structuring.† Planning – The Practice of Proactively Structuring. 4Shared, n.d. Web. Kelly/Williams, Introduction to Business, BUSN Student Edition 7

Stress Of Working Women Health And Social Care Essay

The term reappraisal of literature refers to the activities involved in placing and seeking for information on a subject and developing an apprehension of the province of cognition of the subject. This term is besides used to denominate a written sum-up of the province of art on a research job. The research worker carried out an extended reappraisal of literature on the research subject in order to derive deeper penetration into the job every bit good as to roll up maximal relevant information for constructing up the survey. This was accomplished by utilizing MEDLINE, cyberspace, and study of the latest diaries and books. The reappraisal of literature is organized under the undermentioned headers: 2.1 Prevalence and Causes of Stress of working adult females. 2.2 Surveies related to consequence of music therapy in decrease of emphasis. 2.1. Prevalence and Causes of Stress among Working Womans: A cross-sectional population survey was conducted to measure the prevalence of work-related emphasis and its association with self-perceived wellness and sick-leave in a population of working adult females in Swedish. Wholly 424 working adult females were participated. Study revealed that 10 % of the group reported high sensed emphasis due to indistinct organisation and struggles, and 25 % high perceived emphasis due to single demands and committedness and 33 % reported work intervention with leisure clip. All classs of overall work-related emphasis were significantly associated with increased odds of high degree of unwellness symptoms, with the highest uneven ratio for high sensed emphasis due to indistinct organisation and struggles and high perceived emphasis due to single demands and committedness with an uneven ratio of 3.17 ( CI = 1.51-6.62 ) and 4.53 ( CI = 2.71-7.56 ) severally. High perceived emphasis due to indistin ct organisation and struggles and low influence at work were significantly associated with sick-leave with an uneven ratio of 3.85 ( CI = 1.59-9.30 ) and 2.54 ( CI = 1.17-5.48 ) severally. This survey showed an association between work-related emphasis and unwellness symptoms and sick-leave ( Holmgrane, K. , 2009 ) . A study was conducted to place the Gender differences in emphasis among doctors. Wholly 1414 doctors participated ( Male: Female: 107:107 ) Consequence showed that female doctors more frequently experience stressors in relation to their on the job life. It was besides shown that female doctor had more than twice the hazard of being stressed on a day-to-day footing compared to male doctor ( Hareave, M. , 2007 ) . A survey was conducted to place the psychological and physiological factors doing emphasis among working and non-working adult females from Ludhiana metropolis. Data was collected from 75 working and 75 non -working adult females. Consequences revealed that common factors of emphasis in both classs were unfinished undertakings, irresistible impulse of making disliked activities, decease of close comparative, improper slumber. In working adult females, stressors were ‘pleasing others ‘ ( average score 0.92 ) and overburden of work ( 1.04 ) , whereas in non- on the job adult females stressors were ‘wrong on the job position ‘ ( 0.97 ) and ‘non – engagement in decision-making by household ‘ ( 1.02 ) . This survey showed that working adult females were more stressed as compared to non – working adult females ( Harshpinder, 2006 ) . A survey was conducted to happen out the causative factors for emphasis and different emphasis direction technique used by working and non working adult females of Ludhiana. Results showed that workingwomen were significantly more stressed. Highest-ranking societal force per unit area was ‘unexpected invitees ‘ followed by ‘compulsory socialisation ‘ as disclosed by both the groups. All the topics agreed that hubby ‘s emphasis was besides the major factor lending to their ain emphasis followed by emphasis due to alteration of their personal ends. Main emphasis point related to their kids ‘s hereafter was besides agreed upon by both the groups of topics. Majority of respondents were used music, relaxation, supplications as a stress direction technique ( Aujla, P. , 2004 ) . A longitudinal survey was conducted to analyse how increasing demands from work and household life affect the degree of strain and whether there are any important gender differences among Swedish persons. Wholly 9000 persons were participated. Result revealed that multiple demands increase the hazard of enduring from weariness among both adult females and work forces, but it is merely among adult females that an addition in the per centum ( Nordenmark, M. , 2004 ) . A survey was conducted to measure the adult females ‘s work functions and their impact on wellness, wellbeing, and calling. Study findings showed that adult females put in more attempt to household jobs and child care and less to the workplace than work forces do. Heavy work loads adversely affect adult females ‘s wellness, particularly holding a clerical, managerial, professional, or executive place, or caring for immature kids. Women ‘s entire work duties frequently impact their callings due to compensatory decreases in work committedness and occupation position ( Gierdingen, D. , 2000 ) . A survey was conducted to look into psychosocial factors of emphasis and wellbeing in occupationally active adult females. Wholly 98 adult females both blue- and white-collar workers participated. The survey found that psychological work demands affected most significantly wellbeing of adult females, and work insecurity was the most serious factor impacting the sensed emphasis experienced by adult females. The work-related stressors greater than that of the stressors associated with the household map, although the relationship between household operation, emphasis and wellbeing was besides important ( Makowska, Z. , 1995 ) . 2.3. Surveies Related to Effect of Music Therapy In Reduction of Stress: A survey was conducted to measure the consequence of music on postoperative hurting and anxiousness among patients who underwent a entire articulatio genus arthroplasty. Wholly 56 ( 56 ) patients were indiscriminately assigned to either a music intercession group or a quiet remainder group. Study showed that the music group ‘s was non significantly different from the comparing remainder group ‘s lessening in hurting ( F = 1.120 ; P = .337 ) or anxiousness ( F = 1.566 ; P = .206 ) . However, statistical findings within groups indicated that the sample had a statistically important lessening in hurting ( F = 6.699 ; P = .001 ) and anxiousness ( F = 4.08 ; P = .013 ) ( Allred, K, D. , 2010 ) . A randomized controlled test was conducted to happen out the effects of music intercession on physiological emphasis response and anxiousness degree of automatically ventilated patients in China. Wholly 137 patients indiscriminately assigned to music listening group, earphone group or control group. Study revealed that a important decrease in physiological emphasis response ( bosom rate and respiratory rate ) in music hearing group ( P & A ; lt ; 0.001 for both variables ) and a important addition in bosom rate and respiratory rate in control group ( P & A ; lt ; 0.001 and p = 0.032 ) .There was no alteration in earphone group. The Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Scale showed a important decrease in anxiousness for the music listening group ( P & A ; lt ; 0.001 ) and earphone group compared with control group ( P & A ; lt ; 0.001 ) ( Sit, J, W. , 2010 ) . A randomized controlled test was conducted to find the effects of music therapy on labour hurting and anxiousness in Chinese para I female parents. Sixty para I expected to hold a normal self-generated bringing were indiscriminately assigned to either the experimental group ( n = 30 ) or the control group ( n = 30 ) . The experimental group received everyday attention and music therapy, whereas the control group received everyday attention merely. Pain and anxiousness between groups were compared during the latent stage ( 2-4 centimeter cervical dilation ) and active stage ( 5-7 centimeter ) individually. The consequences revealed that compared with the control group, the experimental group had significantly lower hurting, anxiousness and a higher finger temperature during the latent stage of labour. Though no important differences were found between the two groups on all result steps during the active stage ( Liu, YH. , 2010 ) . A randomized controlled clinical test was conducted to happen out music versus Valium to cut down preoperative anxiousness. Wholly Two hundred and seven ( 207 ) patients were participated. The Patients were randomized in to 2 groups to have Valium or listen to music on the twenty-four hours of surgery and the old twenty-four hours. Just before the operation, anxiousness was assessed with the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Study revealed that there were no important differences in anxiousness, cortisol degree, bosom rate, or blood force per unit area were found between the 2 groups ( music vs ataractic ) . The findings indicate that music is every bit effectual as depressants for cut downing preoperative anxiousness ( Berbel, P. , 2010 ) . A survey was conducted to mensurate and gauge the effectivity of music therapy intercessions on hurting and anxiousness control in patients undergoing bone marrow biopsy and aspiration at the Tabriz Hematology and oncology centre in Iran. Wholly 100 patients were indiscriminately assigned to one of two groups: one group listened to music during the process, and the other did non. Consequences demonstrated that participants who listened to music had lower province anxiousness and hurting degrees than those who did non listen to music ( Shabanloei, R, 2010 ) . A randomized controlled survey was conducted on Comparison of the effectivity of music and progressive musculus relaxation for anxiousness in chronic clogging pneumonic disease ( COPD ) . Wholly 82 COPD topics were selected from K.M.C hospitals.. After being screened, 72 topics were selected for the survey. Music group listened to a ego selected music of 60-80 beats per minute for 30 proceedingss. PMR group practiced relaxation through a pre-recorded sound of instructions of 16 musculus groups. Study showed that important chief consequence across the Sessionss for province anxiousness ( F = 62.621, P = 0.000 ) , trait anxiousness ( F = 19.528, P = 0.000 ) , dyspnoea ( F = 122.227, P = 0.000 ) , systolic blood force per unit area ( F = 63.885, P = 0.000 ) , pulse rate ( F = 115.780, P = 0.000 ) and respiratory rate ( F = 202.977, P = 0.000 ) .There were greater alterations noted after the 2nd session in both groups.Music and PMR are effectual in cut downing anxiousness and dyspnea alo ng with physiologic steps such as systolic blood force per unit area, pulse rate and respiratory rate in two Sessionss in COPD patients. Though, decreases in the music group were greater compared to the PMR group ( Singh, V, P. , 2009 ) . A randomized controlled survey was conducted to find the consequence of music intercession in stress response among patients who have undergone bosom surgery in Sweden. Wholly Fifty-eight ( 58 ) patients who had undergone unfastened coronary arteria beltway grafting or aortal valve replacing surgery were included. On the first postoperative twenty-four hours, patients were allocated to have 30 proceedingss of uninterrupted bed remainder with music and so 30 proceedingss of bed remainder or instead 60 proceedingss of uninterrupted bed remainder. The music was soft and relaxing, included different tunes in new-age manner, played with a volume at 50 to 60 dBs, and distributed through a music pillow connected to an MP3 participant. After 30 proceedingss of bed remainder, there was a important difference in s-cortisol degrees between the groups ; 484. 4 mmol/L in the music group versus 618.8 mmol/L in the control group ( P & A ; lt ; .02 ) ( Nilson, U. , 2009 ) . A case- control survey was conducted to measure the consequence of music on anxiousness, emphasis, and depression degrees in patients undergoing coronary angiography. Consequences showed that important lessenings in average tonss of province anxiousness ( P = 0.006 ) , emphasis ( P = 0.001 ) and depression P = 0.02 ) who listened to 20 proceedingss of loosen uping music, as compared with the control group who had 20 proceedingss of bed remainder ( Moradipanah, F.,2009 ) . A prospective randomized controlled test was conducted to measure the effectivity of music in decrease of anxiousness degrees among patients go toing for endoscopy. Wholly 180 patients were indiscriminately assigned to either a music intercession group or a quiet remainder group. Result revealed that important decrease in anxiousness tonss in music intercession group compared to command ( EL-Hassan, H. , 2009 ) . An experimental survey was conducted to research the effects of preferable music hearing on anxiousness and hurting perceptual experience in patients who diagnosed with terminal phase nephritic failure undergoing hemodialysis. Wholly 60 patients were indiscriminately assigned to two groups. Preferred music given to intervention group. The control group scored significantly higher in province anxiousness, and higher hurting strength than the experimental group ( Pothoulaki, M. , 2009 ) . A survey was conducted to happen out the consequence of music entirely, aromatherapy entirely, and music in add-on to aromatherapy on anxiousness degrees of grownups attach toing kids to a paediatric exigency section waiting country. The survey was carried out over 28 back-to-back yearss, the group was assigned an intercession, music, aromatherapy, and both music and aromatherapy. The music was classical with a pacing of 60 to 70 beats per minute. The aromatherapy used the indispensable oil Neroli dispersed utilizing 2 aromatherapy diffusors placed in strategic airflow terminals of the exigency section. After the 1104 studies, there was a statistically important lessening in anxiousness degree on those yearss when music was playing ( 36.3 vs. 39.2 ; P = 0.017 ) ( Holm, L. , 2008 ) . An experimental survey was conducted to measure the impact of music on pregnant adult females. Wholly 236 pregnant adult females participated. The pregnant adult females assigned to two groups, 116 pregnant adult females to a music group and 120 to a control group. The music group showed important decreases in emphasis, anxiousness and depression after merely two hebdomads compared than control group ( Chang, M, Y. , 2008 ) . A randomized control test was conducted to analyze the consequence of music therapy on emphasis response in patients undergoing twenty-four hours surgery. Sixty patients were randomized to one of three groups. Before and during surgery, patients in group 1 listened to new age music and those in group 2 listened to a pick of music from one of four manners. Patients in the control group heard the normal sounds of the operating theater. Plasma degrees of hydrocortisone were evaluated earlier, during and after the operation. Plasma hydrocortisone degrees decreased during surgery in both patient groups who listened to music, but increased in the control group ( Leardi, S. , 2007 ) . . An experimental survey was conducted to look into the consequence of unrecorded music on diminishing anxiousness in patients undergoing chemotherapy intervention. Wholly 50 ( 50 ) patients were assigned to experimental ( n = 25 ) and control ( n = 25 ) group. Subjects in the experimental group received 20 proceedingss of familiar unrecorded music during their chemotherapy intervention. Subjects in the control group received standard chemotherapy. Consequences of the survey showed statistically important betterment for the experimental group on the steps of anxiousness, fright, weariness, relaxation, and diastolic blood force per unit area ( Ferrer, A, J. , 2007 ) . An experimental survey was conducted to analyze the consequence of music therapy on the anxiousness degrees and sleep forms of abused adult females in shelters. Wholly 28 ( 28 ) adult females were randomized in to two groups. First group had a 20-minute recording of participant-selected music with a Progressive Muscle Relaxation book ( Experimental ) . Second group non listen any types of music ( Control ) . Consequences indicated that music therapy constituted an effectual method for cut downing anxiousness degrees. Results besides indicated a important consequence on sleep quality for the experimental group, but non for the control group ( Hernandenz-Ruitz, E. , 2005 ) . An experimental survey was conducted to measure the effects of loosen uping music on cardiac autonomic balance and anxiousness among acute myocardial infarction. Wholly 45 ( 45 ) patients were included. They were grouped in to 3 groups. Group ( 1 ) had 20 proceedingss of music in a quiet, reposeful environment ( experimental group ) ; group ( 2 ) had quiet, reposeful environment without music ( attending ) ; or group ( 3 ) had intervention as usual ( control ) . Immediately after the intercession, decreases in bosom rate, respiratory rate, and myocardial O demand were significantly greater in the experimental group than in the control group. Increases in high-frequency bosom rate variableness were significantly greater in the experimental and attending groups than in the control group instantly after the intercession. State anxiousness was reduced in the experimental group merely ( White, J, M. , 1999 ) . An experimental survey was conducted to measure the effectivity of a music therapy intercession on relaxation and anxiousness for patients having ventilator aid. Wholly 50 four ( 54 ) were participated. The group randomized in to two groups. State anxiousness ( pre and post trial ) , bosom rate, respiratory rate were obtained every 5 proceedingss for 30 proceedingss. Patient who received music therapy ( na†¢?27 ) reported significantly less anxiousness station trial than those patient in the control group ( na†¢?27 ) .Heart rate and respiratory rate decreased over clip for those patient in the music group was compared with the control group topics ( Chlan,1998 ) . An experimental survey was conducted to measure the effects of relaxation and music therapy among patients with presumptive acute myocardial infarction. Wholly 80 patients were indiscriminately assigned to a relaxation, music therapy, or control group. The relaxation and music therapy groups participated in three Sessionss over a two-day period. Study revealed that take downing apical bosom rates and raising peripheral temperatures were more successful in the relaxation and music therapy groups than in the control group ( Guzzetta, C, E. , 1989 ) .