The Internet. Essay -- Design and Technology

The Internet.The Development of the InternetThe Internet had started as a explore project that was funded by theUS Military. There were still three computers that were tie in up tothis network at this time. After 1969 a total of quatern computers werelinked to this network, but nowadays there are billions. To link ontothe network everybody had a dial up connection which was a connection by means of your resound line, when you wanted to go onto the net income aanalogue maneuver would have been sent to your telephone provider andyou would have been billed by them according to what your pay packagewas. The disadvantage of this was that you couldnt accept telephonecalls that were being made to your phone numbers but now the in style(p)technology allows telephone calls to be accepted regardless if you areon the internet and now a new digital signal is being used instead ofthe old analogue one. Before simple culture was displayed on theinternet for example reviews and news and membership clubs werecommon, but now anything puke be found on the internet. The internetalso has a long sort to go before it is 100% safe in the futureinternet developers are working on improving the try engines,privacy and the security of the internet. SpamSpam is the name given to abdicable e-mails. This could be thingsadvertising new products, or get rich gelt draws, credit schemes andpornography. Spam can cost byplayes as much as a couple of millionpounds to send out computers. Spam can be sent to home computers aswell as business computers. Businesses try to filter Spam by usingblockers but these attempts may fail, because Spam is sent out in itsmillions this can clog up the internet network causing computers torum slow or even crash.E-mailE-mail is short for electronic mail. E-mail is not only for funbut plays a large part in rough-and-ready communication between majorbusinesses. Almost everybody connected on the internet has an e-mailaccount. Accounts are large-min ded and can be achieved by recounting up withcompanies such as yahoo, AOL and hotmail. Due to e-mail accounts beingfree storage spot is limited. If you wish to have more storage spaceto keep more e-mails then the providers of your account offer you thechance to bribe a bigger account at a small scathe which younormally have to pay each month. Depending on ... ... should only exact material that is relevant and suitable for them. Any pages that are likely to break plurality should have a warning on them e.g. racist pages. links should not connect people to inappropriate sites when they are unaware of it. pile should not send Spam Adverts on the internet should be rightful(a) and not just joking about If it is a purchasing site any extra cost such as VAT should clearly be shown The advertisers name should be shown clearly Information on mesh sites should not encourage illegal acts Private data cant be shown without the person knowing about it.ConclusionOverall the in ternet is a fast way to obtain information from a forget me drug ofdifferent sources it is a good time killer if you are world-weary as it hasbillions and billions of different websites to explore. The internetis also a good way of advertising and selling and equally purchasingitems. Although there are some draw backs the internet has moreadvantages than disadvantages. The fact that there are billions ofpeople connected to the internet opposed to four computers when it wasfirst set up means that it must be a good place to visit.

Nuclear Waste Management Essay -- essays research papers

Nuclear gasconade Management     Nuclear energy harnesses the energy released during the splitting orfusing of atomic nuclei. This heat energy is most often used to convert weeweeto locomote, turning turbines, and generating electricity.     However, nuclear energy also has many disadvantages. An event that present this was the terrible incident at Chernobyl. Here on April 26,1986, one of the reactors of a nuclear power plant went out of control andcaused the worlds worst cognise reactor disaster to date. An experiment that wasnot properly supervised was conducted with the water-cooling dust turned off.This led to the uncontrolled reaction, which in turn caused a steam explosion.The reactors protective covering was blown off, and approximately 100 millioncuries of radionuclides were released into the atmosphere. whatever of theradiation spread across northern Europe and into Great Britain. Sovietstatements indicated that 31 people died because of the accident, but the numberof radiation-caused deaths is still unknown.     The same dementedly radiation that was present in this explosion is alsopresent in spent elicits. This presents special problems in the handling, storage,and government activity of the down(p) uranium. When nuclear fuel is first loaded into areactor, 238U and 235U are present. When in the reactor, the 235U is graduallydepleted and gives rise to fission products, generally, cesium (137Cs) andstrontium (90Sr). These ache materials are very(prenominal) unstable and have to undergoradioactive disintegration before they burn down be transformed into stable isotopes.Each radioactive isotope in this waste material decays at its characteristicrate. A half-life can be less than a second or can be thousands of historic period long.The isotopes also emit characteristic radiation it can be electromagnetic (X-ray or gamma radiation) or it can consist of particles (alpha, beta, or n eutronradiation).     Exposure to large doses of ionizing radiation causes characteristicpatterns of injury. Doses are measured in rads (1 rad is equal to an amount ofradiation that releases 100 ergs of energy per gramme of matter). Doses of muchthan 4000 rads severely damage the human vascular system, causing cerebral edema(excess fluid), which leads to extreme shock and neurological disturba... ...relatively low in equal compared to storage in a pool of water andcan be moved around if necessary. An otherwise way to dispose of radioactive wastesis through with(predicate) geologic isolation. This is the disposal of wastes deep within thecrust of the earth. This form of disposal is attractive because it appears thatwastes can be safely isolated from the biosphere for thousands of years orlonger. Disposal in mined vaults does not require the use of modernistictechnologies, rather the application of what we know today. It is possible tolocate mineral, rock, o r other bodies beneath the surface of the earth that willnot be paper to groundwater intrusion. A preferred place would be at least1,500 feet at a lower place the earths crust, so that it may avoid erosion for thespecified period of time. no(prenominal) of the preceding methods offers a completesolution to the problem of nuclear waste. They altogether bury it, temporarilyshoving it out of our current view for a latter(prenominal) generation to solve. Maybe thefuture inhabitants of this world will find a solution to this problem, for as wechose to continue the use of nuclear power, more and more waste will beaccumulated, emitting deadly radiation long after we pass away.

Process Safety Management in the Oil and Gas Industry

AbstractThis cover stick outs a backchat of abut dependablety forethought applied to the spheric crude crude and spatter assiduity. The vastness of maintaining regular encounter assessments and surroundal impact assessments has been indicated upon the completion of this research. The centralize of the guinea pig is on integrating different management tools, such(prenominal) as EIA and HSE-MS, to evaluate the potential ventures pertaining to organic evolution projects in the vegetable inunct and splash perseverance. In addition, the report explores item lessons wise to(p) from the defence industriousness, indicating that HSE management organizations whitethorn be effectively applied to the oil and artillery industry as well. existenceThe occurrence of dis confusable incidents and hazards occurring in the oil and flatulency industry is sooner frequent, thereby necessitating the adoption of effective and reliable measures to lower such risks (Ovind and Sne ve, 2004). It has been argued that Health, sentry go and Environment heed Systems (HSE-MS) suck a despotic impact on the operation of global oil and catalyst companies considering the high level of the true of assessments provided by this management tool (Bergh et al., 2014). The objective of the present report is to explore the feasibility of cultivate rubber management in the oil and gas industry.Process pencil eraser Management in the vegetable oil and Gas constancySignifi push asidet aspects canister be learned in improving benevolent factors in the oil and gas industry from industries, such as aviation, atomic forefinger and defence. However, the oil and gas industry reasons specific challenges that can prove it difficult to apply image process and standards that have led to positive vector sums in other industries (Ramirez et al., 2013). The suppuration of various processes and standards has adhered to meet the call for rising in the global oil and gas i ndustry. Scientific research extensively guidancees on the psychology of how irrationality and cognitive biases may lead to pathetic risk assessment and improper conclusion-making processes. Thus, the necessity to create practical and impartial solutions is urgent than ever (Bergh et al., 2014).The introduction of Health, golosh and Environment Management Systems (HSE-MS) is crucial part of this process. Basic elements of HSE-MS include commitment to impound leadership practices, set of clear goals and objectives, and undertaking stern risk evaluation and control procedures (Ash, 2010). When organisations in the oil and gas industry adhere to these aspects of their overall management, positive results can be judge in the long term. Communication among all divisions of organisations should be ensured in set up to meet the expectations of all s defyholders in the industry. Management should provide commitment and soulal involvement in health, safeguard and the environmen t as a whole (Zimolong and Elke, 2006). A proper expectation that could be indicated relates to consideration a personal simulation of following major(ip) HSE rules. The decisions that could be make should consider aspects of quality, cost, morale, and achievement.In the process of introducing HSE principles in the oil and gas industry, it should be pointed out that allocation of resources should be done effectively in an adjudicate to carry out some of the or so cardinal functions of HSE. The development of topical anesthetic HSE policies should be in stock certificate with corporate objectives and standard as relating to the oil and gas industry (Ramirez et al., 2013). Setting objectives for continuous improvement should be the focal point of introducing such policies. All levels of management should be involved in similar processes to achieve optimal efficiency and productivity. In addition, certain objectives should be developed to mitigate risk within organisations ope rate in the oil and gas industry. The stage of risk evaluation and management should be systematically introduced in oil and gas companies in order to adhere to major HSE management guidelines that may contribute to decreasing the risk of incidents in this industry (Zimolong and Elke, 2006). This step is associated with the establishment of a proper methodology that outlines acute and inveterate hazards including their perceived effects. Moreover, it is strategic to conduct flexible hazard assessments at the design, development and operating stages. The application of risk management tools may materially admirer oneself the process of achieving of the set policy objectives.It has been set that an effective legislative broadcast requires three essential dimensions mightful and well-resources regulations, background accountability parameters to drive appropriate behaviours in the industry, and ensuring solid industry support (Berg et al., 2014). The globalisation of HSE issue s for the oil and gas industry should be explored in order to demonstrate a process of setting high standards of carrying into action in the field. In 2011, the European counsel released a serial of legislative proposals to guarantee offshore caoutchouc (Ramirez et al., 2013). The focus on preserving the natural environment has been properly maintained. HSE policies atomic number 18 expected to compensate oil spill and emergency answer prep aredness, quality assurance and management systems. The utmost goal of similar initiatives is to ensure a healthy and safe environment for employees in oil and gas companies as well as for residents of different countries (Ash, 2010).The conduct of circumstance trading operations from the oil and gas industry should be done with the consideration of strict professional standards for sentry duty. In fact, the safety of employees should be headn into consideration as well as the environment and economic values. In general, oil and gas companies are committed to maturation of proper systems for monitoring of their technical facilities and plants. The occurrence of various incidents in the industry, such as the Macondo incident, the US incision of the Interior undertook drastic measures in 2011 to mitigate risks in this sector (Haight, 2013). Two new agencies were created to monitor a series of operations and activities in the Gulf of Mexico, as these are the Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement (BSEE) and the Bureau of Offshore Energy Management (BOEM). In addition, the Department was responsible for issuing new and more(prenominal) effective regulations to address the specific spots and functioning of these two agencies (Bergh et al., 2014). Product specifications along with emission controls and climate turn programmes have contributed to the development of proper and highly effective HSE systems. It can be suggested that these aspects can have a significant impact on the production and profitabil ity of different products introduced by oil and gas companies.Moreover, there are certain environmental laws that require organisations that operate in this industry to prepare all areas in which particular incidents or unauthorised release of various hazardous materials have taken place. It can be anticipated that HSE laws and regulations can have a rather positive impact on the operations of oil and gas companies (Zimolong and Elke, 2006). However, it may be challenging to indicate what would be the potential future effects of certain legislations adopted in the stage setting of the global oil and gas industry. There may be risks associated with HSE cost and liabilities, which may be evident in the activities of global oil and gas companies. Thus, such organisations recognise the importance of implementing solid HSE standards and management tools to facilitate the proceeding of certain outcomes (Ash, 2010).One of the legislative frameworks that provide substantial information o n applying HSE standards in the oil and gas industry is the IADC HSE fictitious character Guidelines. These guidelines provide a framework for create an integrate health, safety and environmental management system for use in reducing the risks associated with offshore and onshore drilling activities (International standstill of Drilling Contractors, 2014). The significant of the guidelines reflects in the adoption of high standards that can help in change magnitude global health, safety and environmental awareness in relation to the oil and gas industry. The worldwide acceptance of the guidelines in countries such as Australia, Canada, South Africa and Cuba implies their universal applicability to solve uphill challenges in the respective industry (Ash, 2010). The need to assist regulatory authorities nigh the world may contribute to the delivery of standards and principles that are closely custom-built to correspond to the needs of oil and gas companies. Emphasis is put on re assuring that the most proper industry practices have been implemented in terms of health, safety and environmental concerns.Lessons from the Nuclear Power of the Defence diligenceThus, the focus can be shifted to learning important lessons from the thermonuclear power of the defence industry. One of the crucial lessons learned so far is that of interaction considering that different legislations throughout the world may demonstrate the adoption of similar greetes to mitigate risks in the oil and gas industry (Bergh et al., 2014). Interaction emerging at all stages of the assessments is important to make sure that all needs of the stakeholders in the industry are met. Another lesson that can be learned from the defence industry and applied to the oil and gas industry relates to price of admission to information. It is essential to understand that particular parts of the development projects may oblige classified information (Zimolong and Elke, 2006). Such details may be signif icant in the process of carrying out the intended assessment procedures. Timing in like manner is a valuable lesson that can be drawn from the defence industry in terms of focussing on all points during the project preparation stage. It should be signly noted that assessments involving EIA and HSE-MS tools serve as an adequate decision support system that should be available in a seasonable manner.Analysis of Human Failure parcel to Process RiskIn order to gain understanding of serviceman reliability and accident causation, it is important to focus on various HSE management tools including HAZID, HEMP and HAZOP. One of the most powerful tools for the identification of major hazards and risks, which can be implemented in the global oil and gas industry, is HAZID (Ovind and Sneve, 2004). Its use is recommended to be done archaean to demonstrate greater precision and accuracy of results. The key benefits of HAZID include agile identification and correction of potential deviations , providing records of hazards to avoid and mitigate further risks in the global oil and gas industry (Rausand, 2013). The method actually tallys a design-enabling tool used to enhance the HSE parameters in particular projects.Furthermore, the Hazards and Effects Management Process (HEMP) was designed to present a highly structured approach to analysing various hazards in the life cycle pertaining to installation processes in the industry. This method refers to a three-day session in which participants are provided with significant information on risk management and essential HEMP principles, including HEMPs affair in the HSE management systems (Bergh et al., 2014). The management tool identify as HAZOP has been withal found useful in positioning and mitigating risks pertaining to the global oil and gas industry. The initial use of this instrument has been considered for the proper identification of hazards through flowsheets and diagrams. It also implements safety audit after s everal months of operation (Rausand, 2013). Specific procedures considered by oil and gas companies refer to determining the precise degree of hazard and expected change as well as a consideration of the flog case accident that may occur as a result of the modification. In addition, the management tool requires the appointment of a competent, qualified person to comply with the strict requirements for HAZOP (Ramirez et al., 2013).Case Study of in operation(p) Events at mercantile Nuclear Power PlantsHowever, it is important to focus on the aspects of human trial constituent to process risk as applicable to various events that take place at power plants. The main tools that have been implemented to identify safety events, in which human failure contribution to process risk was investigated, refer to the Nuclear regulatory Commission (NRC) Accident Sequence harbinger (ASP) Program and the Human Performance Events Database (HPED). Events in this case were selected on the dry land of SPAR analyses that contributed to a proper estimation of human errors that eventually increase risks to the completion of these events (Rausand, 2013). In addition, different human error categories and subcategories have been identified to demonstrate greater accuracy of findings. The formation of categories took place in line with their frequency of occurrence (Gertman et al., 2001). Major categories included command, control, resource allocation, operator actions, communications, design deficiencies, design change testing, configuration management, as well as procedures of upkeep and monitoring of various work processes (Zimolong and Elke, 2006).It has been argued that human failure substantially contributed to process risk in relation to operating events. For instance, seven human errors have been identified to contribute to the emergence of numerous event failures in the identified power plants. Another challenge that has been observed in this case study referred to the lac k of attention to recurrent problems (Ash, 2010). In fact, the lack of attention and mission to recurrent problems was estimated in approximately 41% of the operating events (Gertman et al., 2001). Such oversight mostly related to improper NRC inspection findings, industry notices, and vendor notices. Operating with known design deficiencies also created certain problems at the moneymaking(prenominal) nuclear power plants. Human failure was evident in the inability or error to follow plant and industry trends as well as provide timely responses to industry notices (Ramirez et al., 2013).Active human errors were identified as quite problematic pertaining to command and control and resource allocation failures, amounting to around 28%. For instance, it has been indicated that command and control between Oconee Unit 2 1992 and Keowee hydroelectric station turned out to compromise or challenge the response from the plant (Gertman et al., 2001). The tasks performed by Keowee staff se emed to have involveed emergency power at Oconee without receiving proper notifications from control room management. This is a clear example of how human failure contributed to increased risks of operating events. In this relation, it is essential to set out human actions in pre-initiator categories and post-initiator categories (Rausand, 2013). Pre-initiator actions are recognised as actions that may affect the availability of systems and elements associated with the response to incidents. Such actions mostly include errors in restoring particular systems after maintenance procedures at the plants (Zimolong and Elke, 2006). Post-initiator human actions represent a example of responses to incidents occurring in the power plants, as they may be also recuperation actions in terms of restoring certain failed systems.It can be suggested that latent human errors mostly suppose a direct relation with pre-initiator human actions, as they are further related to numerous failures in the system. Therefore, it can be concluded that the results obtained from this case study indicated that human performance contributed essentially to increasing risks in analysed operating events (Bergh et al., 2014). Human failures to correct known problems have been often identified along with errors made during design and maintenance activities at commercial nuclear power plants. Thus, the results of this case study demonstrate that multiple errors occurring in operating events contribute to the so-called probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) canonical events which are evident in SPAR models (Gertman et al., 2001).Importance of EIA and HSE-MSIn order to improve practice of the oil and gas industry, the introduction of HSE management systems should take place in line with the integration of Environmental seismic disturbance opinion (EIA). It is essential to clarify that EIA is defined as a process by which a projects impact on the environment is mensural (Department of the Environ ment, Community and Local Government, 2013). In case the likely effects are identified as unacceptable, professionals in the field are responsible for developing effective mitigation strategies to reduce such a perceived proscribe impact. Thus, EIA is a crucial tool used in managing the complex interrelations between development and the environment (Rausand, 2013). The examination of the environmental consequences of development actions is done in a structured manner based on multidisciplinary approaches applicable to the global oil and gas industry. The integration of EIA and HSE-MS tools may adequately facilitate the functioning of oil and gas companies. The primary goal of these management tools is to ensure strict compliance with germane(predicate) legislations and standards in the field of operation (Bergh et al., 2014). It is of crucial importance that all HSE hazards are identified and handled in a timely manner. Their general assessment is a proper step towards ensuring t hat all criteria for adequate performance have been met.The integration of these assessments allows for accurate procedures implemented in the context of risk management for oil and gas companies worldwide. For instance, it may be indicated that various development projects that involve the use of radioactive material and nuclear fuel represent serious risks and hazards, which should be extensively assessed through the frameworks of EIA and HSE-MS (Abaza et al., 2004). Global oil and gas companies are held responsible for ensuring that all dimensions pertaining to human health, environment and security are primitively considered prior to the accomplishment of particular projects. Thus, importance is placed on risk assessment and environmental impact assessment of planned activities in the oil and gas industry (Rausand, 2013). As a result, such organisations are committed to improve their internal procedures that play a key role in conducting risk assessment and environmental impac t assessment. In this context, a viable measure would be to screen all nuclear safety project proposals to ensure that such assessment procedures are done appropriately. superfluous requirements for compliance may be specified by the authorities in particular countries in which oil and gas companies operate (Ash, 2010).International measures should be constantly improved in relation to the integration of EIA and HSE-MS measures (Zimolong and Elke, 2006). This aspect may lead to extensive support for initiating a co-ordinated international action to demonstrate high-quality environmental impact assessment and risk assessment pertaining to projects developed in the oil and gas industry. An overall risk assessment is fundamental in order to ensure that all development projects are completed in a cost-efficient and secure manner. These aspects should be considered in the process of setting certain priorities in the operation of oil and gas companies (Ramirez et al., 2013). Such thoroug h assessments may direct efforts to generate necessary funds for the completion of more urgent tasks in the industry.ConclusionIn conclusion, this paper provided a relevant exploration of process safety management in the global oil and gas industry. Specific arguments have been introduced in order to emphasise the important role of HSE-MS tools, which combined with EIA, may contribute to greater efficiency and safety of work practices in oil and gas companies around the world (Rausand, 2013). The paper focuses on discussing the effectiveness of HSE management systems. In addition, human failure contribution was analysed as related to process risk evident at operating events in commercial nuclear power plants. Another aspect defined in the report included the integration of EIA and HSE-MS tools that may lead to break-dance recognition and maintenance of risks identified in the oil and gas industry (Bergh et al., 2014). In conclusion, providing accurate assessments is associated with the delivery of positive outcomes in this industry.ReferencesAbaza, H., Bisset, R. and Sadler, B. (2004). Environmental Impact sound judgment and Strategic Environmental Assessment Towards an Integrated Approach. UNEP online. getable at http//www.unep.ch/etu/publications/textONUbr.pdf Accessed on 28 Nov. 2014.Ash, J. (2010). New Nuclear Energy, Risk, and Justice Regulatory Strategies for an Era of Limited Trust. Politics &038 Policy, vol. 38(2) 255-284.Bergh, L. I., Hinna, S. and Leka, S. (2014). Sustainable Business lend oneself in a Norwegian Oil and Gas Company. coeval Occupational Health Psychology Global positionings on Research and Practice, vol. 3 198-217.Department of the Environment, Community and Local Government (2013). Guidelines for Planning Authorities and An Bord Pleanala on Carrying out Environmental Impact Assessment online. Available at http//www.environ.ie/en/Publications/DevelopmentandHousing/Planning/FileDownLoad,32720,en.pdf Accessed on 28 Nov. 2014.Gertm an, D. I., Hallbert, B. P., Parrish, M. W., Sattision, M. B., Brownson, D. and Tortorelli, J. P. (2001). Review of Findings for Human Error Contribution to Risk in Operating Events. NUREG online. Available at http//www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/nuregs/contract/cr6753/cr6753.pdf Accessed on 28 Nov. 2014.Haight, J. M. (2013). Process Safety Regulations around the World. Handbook of dismission Prevention Engineering, vol. 1&0382 463-499.International Association of Drilling Contractors (2014). IADC HSE Case Guidelines online. Available at http//www.iadc.org/iadc-hse-case-guidelines/ Accessed on 28 Nov. 2014.Ovind, A. K. and Sneve, M. (2004). Environmental Impact Assessment and Risk Assessment in Northwestern Russia-from a Norwegian Perspective. IAEA Organisation online. Available at http//www.iaea.org/OurWork/ST/NE/NEFW/CEG/documents/ws032004_Ovind.pdf Accessed on 28 Nov. 2014.Ramirez, P. A., Utne, I. B. and Haskins, C. (2013). application program of Systems Engineering to I ntegrate Ageing Management into Maintenance Management of Oil and Gas Facilities. Systems Engineering, vol. 16(3) 329-345.Rausand, M. (2013). Risk Assessment Theory, Methods, and Applications. New York Wiley.Zimolong, B. M. and Elke, G. (2006). Occupational Health and Safety Management. Handbook of Human Factors and Ergonomics 671-707.

Importance of Financial Institution Essay

Nature of fiscal institutions Financial institutions be the organizations which arrange the essential functions of channeling funds from those with wastefulness funds (suppliers of funds) to those with shortages of funds (user of funds). Financial institutions are active in todays global markets include commercial message banks, insurance companies reliance unions, finance companies, savings and loan associations, saving banks, subsidy funds, unwashed funds, and similar organization.Their fundamental role in the pecuniary scheme is to serve both net lenders and borrowers but in a much more complete way than brokers and dealers do. Financial institutions issue securities of their own-often called secondary securities to ultimate lenders and at the same time primary securities from borrowers. The secondary securities issued by financial intermediaries include such acquainted(predicate) financial intermediaries include such familiar financial instruments as checking and sav ings accounts, life insurance policies, annuities and shares in mutual fund.For the most part, these securities share sev agel common characteristics. They generally carry blue risk of default. Financial institutions are accept primary securities from those who get hold of credit and in doing so, take on financial assets that many savers, especially those with special(a) funds and limited knowledge of the market, would find unacceptable. Money lending in one form or the other has evolved along with the history of the mankind. dismantle in the ancient times thither are references to the cashlenders.Shakespeare also referred to Shylocks who do unreasonable demands in case the loans were not repaid in time along with interest. Indian history is also replete with the instances referring to indigenous money lenders, Sahukars and Zamindars involved in the business of money lending by mortgaging the landed belongings of the borrowers. Towards the beginning of the twentieth century, with the onset of modern industry in the country, the need for governing regulated banking system was felt.The British government began to pay assistance towards the need for an organised banking sector in the country and Reserve deposit of India was set up to regulate the formal banking sector in the country. save the growth of modern banking remained slow mainly due to lack of surplus capital in the Indian economic system at that orient of time. Modern banking institutions came up only in big cities and industrial centres. The boorish areas, representing vast majority of Indian society, remained dependent on the indigenous money lenders for their credit needs.Independence of the country heralded a new era in the growth of modern banking. Many new commercial banks came up in various parts of the country. As the modern banking network grew, the government began to realise that the banking sector was catering only to the needs of the well-to-do and the capitalists. The interes ts of the poorer sections as well as those of the common man were being ignored. The significance of the financial system to economic development is not quite clear-cut.Some researchers such as Hicks (1969) are of the opinion that the financial system plays a of the essence(p) role in the mobilization of capital for industrialization. On the other hand, there are those, who hold a contrary view. In the 1980s, several African governments embarked on structural adjustments programs in order to correct the disruptions in their economies. As Geo-Jaja and Mangum (2001) note, structural adjustment programs seldom delivered on their intended objectives.However, the relationship betwixt financial development and economic growth during post-SAP period is examined using the Spearman localize correlation. The expected outcome of the structural adjustment program in Nigeria was marred by policy reversals of government. This is a possible reason for the poor surgical operation of the financ ial sector of the economy. Therefore, financial development and economic growth save no consistent relationship in post-SAP Nigeria.

One Laptop Per Child Essay

1.Why are Microsoft, Intel, and several(prenominal) separate leading for profit companies implicated in low-cost computers for the ontogeny world? In 2005, Nicholas Negroponte, the founder of MITs Media Labs, announced the One laptop computer per Child (OLPC) weapons platform at the population Economic Forum. The concept was simple and appealing. Innovate a $100 laptop and distri exactlye it to electric razorren in the developing world. No whiz can conclude the power of getting kids access to computers/internet, and hence, access to a virtu every last(predicate)y unbounded store of information, connectivity to the world and didacticsal software program.And for a technology optimist like Negroponte, the payoffs were obvious. besides as the OLPC computer program has found pop out over the years, there is more to the success of Information and Communications Technologies (ICTs) in Education, than just handing out computers to kids, and confront it to works its magic on its own. To begin with, the premises and approach of OLPC program as articulated by Negroponte are fundamentally flawed. OLPC stipulates that laptops be owned by children over the age of six rather than by schools. Efforts to crystallise curricula and assessment are viewed by the program as too long-winded or expensive, and instructer training as of limited value imputable to t distributivelyer absenteeism and incompetence, so laptop implementation must proceed without them.The program also believes that in the end, the students will teach themselves on how to use the laptop. Theyll teach one another, and we have confidence in the kids ability to learn. The other flaw in this program is that the poorest countries targeted by OLPC cannot afford laptop computers for all their children and would be better off building schools, training teachers, developing curricula, providing books and subsidizing attendance. No one ever understood Nicholas Negropontes position when it comes to the $100 Laptop/OLPC/XO. While the idea behind creating a super cheap, super immutable useful computer for children in developing nations is good, Negroponte has always approached the idea as one where only he should be consent toed to see that vision through. When other companies decided it might be a good idea and cherished to target that market themselves, Negroponte flipped out and started attacking them for trying to undermine his project.In order to explore One Laptop Per Child (OLPC) and its mission to modify teaching method in developing countries, it is necessary to first understand the temperament of living in these countries. The UNs Universal Declaration of Human Rights establishes health, food, and education as basic human rights, but people living in developing countries are deprived of these seemingly simple and obvious necessities. return of OLPC and MIT professor Nicholas Negroponte firmly believes that education is the solution and that children are the wor lds most precious natural resource.Combining these thoughts, he founded OLPC in 2005 as a response to the educational needs of children in developing countries. At the 2005 World Economic Forum, he presented that a $100 laptop in the hands of every child would empower them to learn from and to teach each other. As CTO of OLPC Mary Lou Jepsen said, the laptop is a vehicle to transform education around the world. In order to bring this idea to reality, OLPC set out to design a laptop that would fit in the context of the developing world.2.Do you agree with Negropontes decision to partner with Microsoft? Yes, I think it is a good initiative because now that the XO laptop will be unattached in both Linux and Windows varieties and we can view it as an opportunity for OLPC to inflate in a couple of ways. Moreover, now it will have a broader acceptance in the community and the other is to have more software and software developers available. The OLPCs philosophical system of dependentn ess is behind its decision to allow Microsoft software on the machines, but it would be hard for OLPC to say it was open and then be closed to Microsoft. According to Negroponte, the XP announcement is the latest exploitation in a long- test collaboration between the project and Microsoft. Microsoft was also raise in this project and was working to see if it could get Windows XP up and running on the OLPC devices.To make believe it work, Microsoft needed to get the run system to guardianship from an SD card and to create drivers to work with OLPCs unique features, such as its touchpad and e-book reader mode. Negroponte said the ability to run Windows is a must-have in more or less countries. For example, he said, Uruguay made it a requirement in its recent solicitation. charge in other countries where Windows is not required, Negroponte said compatibility with the Microsoft operating system silence helps give the laptop credibility. Meanwhile, Negroponte stressed that he is not giving up on Linux and ultimately aims to deliver machines that can boot into either operating system.Theres no premeditated plan that one is overtaking to dominate over the other because both is a very decently option. Though, there is obviously cost issues, which is necessarily higher for Windows, because it requires more hardware than Linux. Language support is viable for any community in Linux, but in Windows it depends on the good will of Microsoft, or rather the toilet line market analysis results that Microsoft works from. But according to Negroponte, he was mainly concerned with putting as many laptops as possible in childrens hands.3.Assess the thinking behind the give one, get one promotion. Do you think this is a good marketing tactic? Yes, it is a good marketing tactics but it also brought about some drawbacks with it which is inevitable. Since, OLPC initially stated that no consumer version of the XO laptop was planned. The project, however, later open a websi te to accept direct donations and ran a pass away 1 fix 1 (G1G1) offer starting on November 12, 2007. The offer was initially plan to run for only two weeks, but was extended until December 31, 2007 to catch demand.With a donation of $399 to the OLPC Give 1 Get 1 program, donors authentic an XO-1 laptop of their own and OLPC sent another on their behalf to a child in a developing country. Shipments of Get 1 laptops sent to donors were confine to addresses within the United States, its territories, and Canada. Some 83,500 people participated in the program. Delivery of all of the G1G1 laptops was completed by April 19, 2008. Delays were blamed on order fulfillment and warhead issues both within OLPC and with the outside contractors hired to manage those aspects of the G1G1 program.According to Negroponte, the Give One, Get One project was both successful and not. It was a corking success because there are 162,000 XO laptops gaining support for the project in the U.S. However, he still would like to see more sold. In order to make the project viable, Negroponte says they will need to sell about three trillion devices. The program also aims to lower the production cost of the laptop to the fender target of $100. The OLPC program has the correct intentions, but a flawed philosophy and approach. Just deploying technology and expecting to work its magic is not the way to go. For the dissemination of the technology, it is crucial that we adopt to the local practices and constraints.

The Development of New Testament Canon

Describe the development of untested Testament enactment in spot of time studied (35 marks) The New Testament Canon is described by Princeton Online Dictionary as, a collection of record books accepted as Holy scripture the books of the Bible recognized by any Christian church as genuine and inspired. Basically the Canon is a selection of books used by the Church for public worship and also the books which the Church ack nowledge as inspired scripture normative for faith and practice.The term (the Greek kanon path reed, which went on to mean measuring rod and then last the list written in the column) was coined by Christians, but the idea is name in Jewish sources Rabbinic Judaism recognizes the twenty- four books of the Masoretic Text, commonly called the Hebraical Bible. Evidence suggests that the process of canonization occurred between 200 BC and AD 50, while the formation of the Christian Canon was non until the first-year and spot centuries. These canonical books have been developed through debate and agreement by the religious authorities of their respective faiths.During the first and secant centuries, there was not a Canon of Scripture set down as it is forthwith originally the information was passed by oral tradition, until they were written down as it became clearer that eye witnesses would all grow old and pass away. Firstly, it was the four synoptic evangels, and then around 85 AD, Pauls letters were collected. til now at this st age there was no sense of a Canon of Scripture, which is a closed list (which is books that cannot be added or removed).Marcion of Sinope was the first rise-known heretic in the history of the early church, and he was the first Christian leader in recorded history to propose and delineate a canon (about 140 AD) which include 10 epistles from St. Paul as well as move of the Gospel of Luke which today is known as the Gospel of Marcion he famously attacked the Gospel of Luke with a penknife, and left o nly the parts he agreed with. This dividing of the books was viewed as a heresy, and so the church mat they had to organize the books in the right way to defend Christianity.In the first and second century, the early church accepted the Hebrew canon of Scripture as authoritative, and this was an influence on the formation of the New Testament canon. The church felt up that because they regularly read the Old Testament within worship, they needed to sustain a link to the teachings of Jesus and the Apostles. Surely these were authoritative enough to be included? Indeed, the teaching of Jesus was respected as much as the Old Testament, the Apostles literary productions too, especially after their death. Gradually, the term Scriptures was used to conclave these books together.In 153 AD, Justin Martyr confirmed that the gospel singing were read in the services in capital of Italy, along with the Old Testament prophets, the memoirs of the Apostles or the writings of the prophets ar e read, as long as time permits . The main criterion to be included in the canon was apostolicity, and to gain this the books had to be written by or sponsored by an Apostle, guard Christ-honoring content compatible with oral tradition and contain spiritually fruitful use of the books within the church from the Apostolic age onwards.Firstly, Pauls letters were brought together at the end of the first century, and then the four synoptic gospel singings were added fifty years later. still keisters gospel took longer to be accepted, particularly by the Gnostics and then the Montanists. Papias, the Bishop of Hierapolis in 130 AD, witnessed the Apostolic credentials of the Gospels of Matthew and Mark, and right the end of the second century, Irenaeus spoke of the apostolic origins of all four when he said, Matthew published his gospel among the Hebrews in their own tongueMark, the disciple and vox of tool, himself handed down to us in writing the substance of scratchs preaching. Luke, the follower of Paul, set down in a book the gospel preached by his teacher. Then John, the disciple of the Lord, who also leaned on his breast, himself produced his gospel. In 200 AD, a canon list from this conclusion was created and is now known as the Muratorian canon. It includes all the books accepted as Scripture by the Church at Rome, which includes the gospel truth, Acts, thirteen of Pauls epistles, 1st and second John, Jude and Revelation.Wright says, Hebrews is missing altogether which is surprising since it was used by gracious of Rome a century earlier. However he explains how it was not accepted in the West, probably due to doubts about who wrote it were brought forth by Montanist use. At this period, it was more often than not accepted that all New Testament books were included, except James, second Peter, 2nd and 3rd John, Jude, Hebrews and Revelation (which was only partially excluded, as its apostolic origins were questioned).Within the ordinal and fourth century, the position of the canon was strengthened. Apostolic Fathers, such as Tertullian, Clement and Origen all used the New Testament scriptures regularly in self-opinionated discussion, and often commented on the books themselves. Eusebius tells us that the only books still disputed at the beginning of the fourth century were James, 2nd Peter, 2nd and 3rd John and Jude. we must set in the first place the Holy quaternoin of the Gospels which are followed by the book the Acts of the Apostles.After this, we must reckon the epistles of Paul spare-time activity which we must pronounce genuine the extant forms epistle of John, and likewise the epistle of Peter. After these we must place, if it really livems right, the Apocalypse of John there is the extant the epistle of James, and that of Jude and the second epistle of Peter and the second and 3rd of John However not everybody agreed with the New Testament Canon in the late second century, there was the production of sever al acts of the Apostles which were not recorded in Acts.Furthermore, a number of religious doctrine appeared which included the childhood of Jesus, or the life of Pilate. However these were mainly imaginative and some originated from fringe Christian groups ideas, such as Docetists. However Irenaeus rule out the possibility of there being more than four gospels by saying, since there are four zones of the world in which we live, and four principal winds it is fitting that she (she church) should have four pillars, breathing incorruption on every side and vivifying men afresh. These gospels included the gospels of Peter, doubting Thomas and Matthias, and the Acts of Andrew and John. Eusebius said of the spurious writings, none of these has been deemed worthy of any kind of diagnose in a treatise by a single member of back-to-back generations of churchmen and the character of the style is also far removed from the apostolic manner, and the judgement and purport of their contents is so absolutely out of the harmony with admittedly orthodoxy as to establish the fact that they are certainly the forgeries of heretics To conclude, it is easy to see how the New Testament Canon developed over a period of four centuries. The canon list set out in full point in the Easter letter of Athanasius in 367 AD contains the 27 books to the expulsion of all others, however certain books such as Shepherd of Hermas and the Didache were permitted for privy reading. Thus, while there was a good measure of debate in the Early Church over the New Testament canon, the major writings were accepted by almost all Christians by the middle of the third century.

Historical

Web elusion Book on BELOVED by Toni Morrison 2007 English Department, Millikin University, Decatur, IL http//www. millikin. edu/ English/beloved/Baynar-historic-essay1. html Toni Morrisons erotic love Institutionalized Trauma, egohood, and Familial and communal Structure by Klay Baynar Toni Morrisons Pulitzer Prize winning refreshing devout is, in fact, a historical novel. It is based on a put down event involving fugitive slave, Margaret Garner, who was arrested for killing star of her children rather than returning her girl to the dismal biography of a slave.Readers might ask themselves why an African American woman would choose to focus her writing on a devastating act of violence within an African American family as opposed to focusing on the white aggression that ran rampant end-to-end the time stoppage of the novel. However, by focusing Beloved on the infanticide perpetrate by a newly set freed black mother, Morrison is able to communicate a strong message, the i mportance of which spans from the Reconstruction era in the antebellum conspiracy to racially charged issues in modern America.Morrison implicitly shows throughout the novel that the psychological effects of thrall on the individual, as well as the whole slave familiarity, were far more damaging than even the tally physical sufferings. In Beloved, Morrison uses symbolism to depict the atrocities of white oppression that caused the issue of African American humanity while to a fault focusing on how the African American union came together to deal with the injurys of the past, thus reclaiming their selfhood.The African American veil acts as a strong symbol of a white dominant participation throughout the novel. During the Reconstruction era, black Americans were force behind this veil that allowed them to besides see themselves from the white mans point of view. Hofstra Universitys James Berger cites W. E. B. Du Boiss The Souls of foul Folks, writing the American Negro, bor n with a veil can achieve no unfeigned self-consciousness but can only see himself through the disclosure of the other i. . white world (410). Morrison herself recognizes this veil by noting that slaves narrators, shaping the experience to bring it palatable for white readers, dropped a veil everywhere their interior life (Rody 97). This veil re shows the unyielding ideologies of white oppression that were exercised throughout the period of thralldom and the Baynar 2 period of intense racial tension that followed the Civil War.In Beloved, Morrison writes a dark removal of this veil for both Sethe and deflower Suggs. This removal is foreshadowed by the imagery of the Book of Revelation (four horsemen) in the beginning of the infanticide chapter (Berger 409). When Sethe sees the four horsemen access to retrieve her and her children and return them to slavery, Morrison reveals the thoughts of a black mother when faced with returning to slavery And if she thought anything, it wa s No. No. Nono. Nonono. Simple. She just flew.Collected every numeral of life she had do, all the parts of her that were precious and fine and beautiful, and carried, pushed, dragged them through the veil, out, a way, over there where no one could hurt them. Over there. Outside this nates, where they would be safe. (Morrison 192) Due to continuing white oppression after slavery, Sethe believed that the only way to make her children safe was through death. In killing her daughter, Sethe frees her from alert a life of dehumanizing slavery. However, this act of violence did nothing to remove the veil.What makes the infanticide a false removal of Sethes family from oppression is that the very event that was meant to remove the facade of free and equal blacks (infanticide) actually trapped Sethes family in a state where no subjective self could ever be achieved. This familial meltdown stymyped history in its tracks. It forces Sethe and capital of Colorado into a restrictive state in which past traumas are lost. When Denver finds out just about that day, she becomes deaf and dumb, un willinging to face the horrible traumas of the past.Sethe represses any and all memories of the past, only allowing them to resurface with the appearance of capital of Minnesota D and the expulsion of the ghost. Even Paul D has repressed memories, represented by his tobacco plant tin It was several(prenominal) time before he could put Alfred, Georgia, Sixo, schoolteacher, Halle, his brothers, Sethe, Mister, the taste of iron, the sight of butter, the reek of hickory, notebook paper, one by one, into the tobacco tin lodged in his chest. (Morrison 133) However, Sethe and her family were not the only people that fell victim to the veil of oppression.White dominance also reappeared for Baby Suggs on the day of the infanticide. When they came in my yard (Morrison 211), Baby Suggs know that no African American is truly free. Not in a free state, not after slavery, not ever. Baby S uggss spirit of self was unmade that day when she realized the freedom she thought she was living was false (Boudreau 460). Being a former slave herself, she understood the colonizing ideologies that slavery entailed. When she finally became free, she was able to claim her own humanity She couldnt stop laughing. My arrestts beating, she said. And it was true (Morrison 166). In this part of the novel, Morrison shows that, for a at one time colonized people, a free identity is only obtained through decolonisation. The decolonization of the African American people required the retrieval of past traumas. In In Our Glory P glowingography and Black Life, bell hooks writes that decolonizationcalls us back to the past and offers a way to reclaim and renew life-affirming bonds (183). So, the key to African American subjectivity lies in the past. This idea is explicitly shown when Paul DsBaynar 3 tobacco tin, the item in which he locks away the past, bursts open. Sitting on the front ste ps of a perform drinking liquor, His tobacco tin, blown open, spilled contents that floated freely and made him their prank and prey (Morrison 258). The content that follows is all of Paul Ds memories. With his tobacco tin open, he is forced to face his past, finally able to free himself and move on towards the future. Re retentivity in the novel explicates the idea that no trauma is ever ones own, but are shared among groups of people. Rememory work as a collective way for a corporation to liberate themselves (Elliot 183). Sethe explains rememory, saying that, If a house burns down, its gone, but the bafflethe picture of itstays, and not just in my rememory, but out there, in the worldSomeday you be walking down the road and you hear something or see something going onAnd you think its you persuasion it upBut no. Its when you bump into a rememory that be pines to soulfulness else. (Morrison 43) A rememory is someones individual experience that hangs around desire a picture. It can enter someone elses rememory and complicate ones consciousness and identity (Rody 101). Rememory is what connects the past with the present, realizing a collective memory that a community uses as a tool to help neck with past traumas. The collective management of these past traumas is best seen at the Clearing. Baby Suggs, holy, followed by every black man, woman and childtook her great softheartedness to the Clearinglaughing children, dancing men, crying women and then it got mixed up (Morrison 103).Baby Suggs led the community in a therapy session of sorts in graze to release bottled up emotions. The Clearing was a place in which the community could go and work through past experiences with the help of everyone, a place to deal with the past in order to love in the present and plan for the future. This idea is revisited at the end of the novel as well. If Beloved represents the manifestation of the day of the infanticide, the day that 124 died and the visits to the Clear ing ended, the end of the novel shows how the community comes together again to expel her from 124.Beloved and Sethe looked out the window and saw Denver sitting on the steps and beyond her, where the yard met the road, they saw the ecstatic faces of thirty neighborhood women. Some had their eyes closed others looked at the hot cloudless sky (Morrison 308). With this scene, Morrison expresses a positive example of African American communal unity. Beloved is not a novel that is confined in meaning to the Reconstruction era. The publication of the Moynihan report in 1965 sparked a racial controversy regarding the dysfunctional nature of the African American family.Daniel Moynihan reported that The family organize of lower class Negroes is highly unstable, and in many urban centers is access complete breakdown (Moynihan). This report resulted in a political rive regarding race that lasted well into the 1980s The discourse of race in the 1980s, then, was trammel by a double denial Reaganist conservatives denied American racism and descendants of the New Left denied any dysfunction within African American communities. (Berger 414) Sethes family is certainly dysfunctional A single mother on the job(p) a low paying job who thenBaynar 4 suffers a cordial breakdown. Both of her sons ran away, neer to be seen again. Sethe murdered one of her daughters and the other is incapable(p) of leaving the yard. The familys dysfunction stems from their unwillingness to face the ghosts of past traumas. The historical parallel to this are the far right and far left ideologies of racial denial. Beloved represents racial violence in America, willing to return unless the general nature of racism is addressed. If traumas are repressed and not worked out, their effects will never go away.The ending pages of the novel give the most aright representation of the results of historical repression. They forgot her like a bad dream. After they made up their tales, shaped and decorate d them, those that saw her that day on the porch promptly and deliberately forgot her. It took longer for those who had spoken to her, lived with her, fallen in love with herSo in the end, they forgot her too. Remembering seemed unwise. (Morrison 323-324) Beloved has again been repressed, forced to fade into the unconscious of everyone that had known her. Morrison uses this to parallel race in America.When Beloved was published, Reaganist conservatives denied American racism. thrall is such a profound black mark in American history, it is better left forgotten remembering would be unwise. However, if slavery and efficacious white oppression are allowed to be forgotten, there is nothing rest in the way of their return. Morrison creates a paradox with this idea. The final chapters bodily mental synthesis is set up with an initial couple paragraphs explaining that everyone eventually forgot about Beloved. sideline these paragraphs was a sentence meant to justify the forgetting This is not a story to travel by on (Morrison 324).However, this line is a contradiction. The story that shouldnt have been passed on is a best-selling novel and is dedicated to Sixty Million and more. By repressing a historical trauma, it is allowed to return. The very last word of the novel, Beloved, attests to that claim. specially when in regards to racism, Only if traumas are remembered can they lose, gradually but never entirely, their traumatic effects (Berger 415). Slave owning ideologies caused intense institutionalized trauma, the damage of which has lasted long after slavery was abolished.Indoctrinated with white ideas about how to view themselves, newly freed African Americans found the veil cast upon their identity difficult to cast aside. transaction with the past traumas of slavery in a white dominant society required the effort of not only the individual, but also the African American community. Being able to reflect upon past traumas of oppression allowed the com munity and the individual to move towards a less traumatic future. However, the historical period in which Morrison wrote Beloved suggests that American society, both white and black, have forgotten how to manage the issue of race.Morrisons ideas concerning the veil, rememory of trauma, and her portrayal of communal and familial structure exemplify the idea that the key to African American societal increase is the recognition of the past. Works Cited Berger, James. Ghosts of Liberalism Morrisons Beloved and the Moynihan Report. PMLA 111. 3 (1996) 408-420. Boudreau, Kristin. Pain and the Unmaking of Self in Toni Morrisons Beloved. Contemporary Baynar 5 Literature 36. 3 (1995) 447-465. Elliot, bloody shame Jane. Postcolonial Experience in a Domestic Context Commodified Subjectivity in Toni Morrisons Beloved. MELUS 20. 3/4 (2000) 181-202. hooks, bell. In Our Glory Photography and Black Life Picturing Texts. Ed. Lester Faigley, Diana George, Anna Palchik, Cynthia Selfe. New York W. W . Norton, 2004. 175183. Morrison, Toni. Beloved. 1987. New York Vintage International, 2004. Moynihan, Daniel. The Negro Family The deterrent example For National Action. March 1965. 20 Nov. 2007 . Rody, Caroline. Toni Morrisons Beloved History, Rememory, and a clamour for a Kiss. American Literary History 7. 1 (1995) 92-119.

Why Does It Matter?

On May 21, 2011 more hoi polloi round the world prepared themselves for what was accepted going to be their last day on earth. According to a man by the name of Harold Camping, by 6 pm on May 21st, the world was supposed to have experienced a reverend earthquake thus preceding The Rapture, and it seems as though people around the world spend their last days on earth doing many different subjects. This al unmatchable shows what values we respect and how we view them. Harold Camping had concocted many heinous math equation that led him to publicize his fourth prediction.Although the mensuration of thought and research he put behind his Christian instinct was impressive all he managed to do was create a moment of desperation for those of us who lead a sinful feeling, and a glum ray of hope for those who cling to the prophetic words of people like, Harold Camping. As nonpareil privy imagine, the last few days have been determined by the predicted end of the world, and thro ugh outlets much(prenominal) as Twitter, Live Journal, and Facebook, stories of how people washed-out their last days have surfaced.Some people thought it would be a great composition to spend their life savings or their childrens college funds, some people spent the day fulfilling their goals and dream, others just spent the past few days locked in and repenting, and the rest either didnt care or forgot. All these crazy fear-based decisions lead to a piddling list of much greater and loaded questions Is it worth it? Does it matter? and wherefore does it matter? Of course these are questions that fall under the category of The consequence of Life, and are virtually impossible to reply to, merely everyone should be authorise to possess their own educated opinion, right?In Thomas Nagels bear witness The Absurd he raises some interesting, but conflicting arguments toward lifes absurdity. In his very complicated essay of thinking(prenominal)izations, he basically presents us w ith the 3 main reasons why life could be cerebrateed absurd 1) Whatever we do now leave non go the world in the future, so why does it matter? 2) We are continuously considered small when compared with the universe, and our lives considered short, so why do we matter? 3) Our actions have no purposeful end, so why do they matter?Nagel tries to justify his statements, but in the end his statements contradict his points, and this could even be summarized in one simple explanation. If you will not be around in the undermentioned 1 million years, how could you or anybody else judge peoples actions to determine if whether or not they infinitely matter or not matter. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, existentialist philosophy is considered a philosophical theory or approach which emphasizes the existence of the separate person as a free and responsible agent find out their own development through acts of the will (Oxford).Within this reasoning is what Nagel based his ess ay on, but as black and white as this may seem, many other factors should be calculated when trying to determine whether or not existentialism is rational. Without delving as well as far into the topic of religion, the question about the worship of certain issues still lies on the table. When trying to find a religiously ambiguous debate against existentialism one of the most important questions to consider would be In a world in which we act on impulse without the fear of repercussion, how would our feelings as human race beings factor into our decisions?As keen-sighted as there has been the existence of humans on this earth, it would probably practiced to assume that there has also been the existence of feelings among the people. Feelings are probably the one impulse that humans find the most difficult to quell in their everyday lives, and from personal experience, one of the most pleasantly intrusive aspects of human life. Although this might be debatable, the statement prev ious to the latter is not. In her 1970s book Never in Anger Portrait of an Eskimo Family, Professor dungaree L.Briggs studied the Utkuhikhalingmiut (Utku) Eskimos of the Canadian Northwest Territories. In this tribe she found that ira and aggression was extremely rare. Briggs suggests that even in circumstances that we would find intolerably frustrating or offensive, the Utku do not get angry. Where we would be rebellious or even furious, the Utku are merely resigned. Anger is an unreasonable result (qtd. By Solomon). Even in instances such as these, the Eskimo are in a way brainwashed from a young age in order to lead this harmonious life, and even then they lose their cool.As inform by a fellow anthropologist ,by the name of Catherine Lutz, among the Ifaluk of Micronesia, the most serious hap of aggression last year, was when one man touched anothers shoulder. He was subjected to a severe fine, a reasonable penalty for extremely unreasonable demeanour No matter what one tri es to do feeling will ever resurface and affect our judgment whether we mean to or not. Its plainly just part of the way we were made and will always endure that way.To argue that someone could easily discard their feeling and act strictly on impulse would be an ignorant statement. When talking about the tenability as opposed to the morality of a situation it then becomes a little bit more tricky because as Robert Rorty makes a grand job in pointing out, who rouse define rationality? In unity with his characteristic nominalism, that rationality is not a thing, to be Socratically defined or characterized in any singular way.I would say that it is one of those essentially repugn concepts of philosophy (like freedom, truth, and justice) which plays a primarily polemical as salubrious as a normative role in our conversations, despite the descriptive characterizations that are readily available in behavioral theory and the cordial sciences. The question is how the term is being used in any busy context and what distinctions are being made for often the real communicate is political and not merely conceptual and conveyed only by implication. (qtd.By Solomon) With arguments such as this one it brings us back to the original debate. Who is to decide what is rational? For one person might think something is a great idea when in reality it might not be, but at the alike(p) time still remain it remains a decisions in which it will not tip the scale in either moral direction. As we probably could assume from the beginning, these questions are probably best if left unanswered. They complexity of trying to find the true meaning of life is far too great a task for someone of our caliber to judge.The best thing that we can do as a society is stick unitedly and apply our best traits to create a harmonious place for us to develop and live in. The one thing that is irrefutable would have to be the undeniable fact that if we live our lives in the best way we can wh ile making the best decisions within societys judgment, we cant really go wrong, and if Nagel had one thing right, it was that our time on this earth is short, so we might as well take benefit of the things weve been blessed with and live life to the fullest.

A Handful of Dust by Evelyn Waugh and Saturday by Ian McEwan

The novel Saturday written by Ian McEwan primarily explores the question of to what extent it is possible to insulate or embarrass your self against the beingnesss concerns specific whollyy towards urban support. Is it steady comely to be twisty in a world whose order and dodge seems unrea tidingsable? The writer in this history depicts and describes a man who is gayly married, a proud plentifulher and a respected individual who basically lead a comfortable feel history.He is completely comfortable with the interior circle of closest family but the world at large that is relations with political questions, protest and differences especially during the war in Iraq on 2003 makes his life obscure. When one Saturday London neurosurgeon Henry Perowne sets out within the bourn of her patients and family to assert the manifestations of current events, he unconsciously made an inner conversation between him and the world at large that resulted in mevery realizations. The h eedlessness of compassionate life in this novel is manifested when the morality of the universe at large is already undefined.The main instance whose world only revolves well-nigh the circle of his family seems to reject a worldview human attachment founded on connectivity. He is not convinced with the beauty of literature and how literature creates a distributor point of connection to a person and to the world in general. He is the consummate depiction of an stop number class and successful family man of the modern eld who prefers the scope of their private sphere perhaps to prevent a wider or greater responsibility or, they argon just un calculateingly content as the writer describe them.But on one Saturday, he manages to observe the contrasts in the world around him, people whose lives are different, not because of any inherent difference but simply because of chancethe currents that alter fates. The characters limited social sphere before that Saturday reflects pointlessn ess since this modus vivendi motivates routine. Pointlessness here is synonymous with meaninglessness. To have a meaningful life they say, one must learn to explore the world of others to gain a wider understanding about human nature, their complexities and their relationship with the world.Moreover the character of Perowne who conforms to isolationism, passiveness and upper class complacency freed himself from social, religious and moral clutches. Having rejected nonionised religion, he finds some comfort in the conclusions of Darwin, who connects all life in a continuum in which he sees himself a part. The novel Saturday explains wherefore there is a massive worlds disunity. There are just human beings who approach life half sleep and thoughtlessly not helping others to conquer the human difficulties thus revealing their egotistic human nature.Moreover the tragedy that happened during September 11 that also encourages US and Iraq War, terrorism and political chaos illustrates the inconsistent moral standard of human beings. This undoubtedly coexists with the main protagonist that poses the question of how numerous humane and down men like Dr. Perowne might confront these kinds of terror to protect the things they take into custody dear. Are they going to stay put in their comfort zone of their upper class lifestyle or will they choose to be involved to save other human beings?The pointlessness of human life is reflected not on Dr. Perowne but on those comfortable people who choose to stay on the boundaries of their conveniences to secure themselves. In A Handful of make clean written by Evelyn Waugh on the other hand, the main protagonist named Tony blend in has similarities with the Saturdays main character Perowne. At the initial part of the novel, his adorer Jock Grant- Menzies generalizes Tonys situation saying I often think Tony Lasts one of the happiest men I know.Hes got just enough money, loves the place, one son hes crazy about, devoted w ife, not a worry in the world. However, the seemingly happy and comfortable world of Tony Last turned top side down when his wife Brenda committed adultery after experiencing the social excitements and count on life in London. She committed an affair with John Beaver with whom she presently fancies herself in love even without so much personal and mad investment yet.Brendas desire and fantasy created in her imagination became an ungovernable force that greatly motivated her sins of adultery. She wanted a new and more(prenominal) exciting life and she is trying to fulfill that through other people. Brenda grass not find that new life with Tony who lives a dull life and routines as the owner of Hetton Abbey, a large Victorian-Gothic house regarded by many as a monstrosity. Brenda in the long run was delinquent by her lover though- who is disgusted that she is not going to get fat alimony.She finally and eventually marries a friend of Tonys while Tony is still alive in his capt ivity after going to a cutting to the South American Jungle (Wilson 43). The pointlessness of human life is reflected on how the industrial and modern world approaches the decency of Tony Last. His character, truthfulness and decency are unsupported by the society or deeper structure of society while Brendas unfaithfulness is approach with casualness as if it is part of the natural order of things.Brendas infidelity and uncontentment illustrates a corrupt urban society that has lost all hold on traditional moral values. Moreover, the overwhelming feeling of futility and boredom by most of the characters gives threatening effects. It only demonstrates the limits and complexities of human nature when face up with different circumstances. The pointlessness of human life perceived in the story is from the very basic idea that human beings are slowly losing reach out to what is morally right and morally wrong.They can easily be influenced by their impulsive emotions and they can easi ly conform to the worlds standard. The judgment of isolation, war and boredom highlighted in the stories are just but a product of materialism. The selfish human nature of people is becoming spare because they are trying to find their instinct of identity and individuality in the promises brought upon by urban life and industrialization. Both novels play on how characters and their sense of morality creatively adapt to the changing world.

Importance of Tolerance in a Community

What is permissiveness? It is the consequence of humanity. We are entirely make of frailty and error let us pardon reciprocally apiece differents folly-that is the first law of nature. (Voltaire, Philosophical Dictionary, pg. 206) Tolerance is viewing respect to others by appreciating others and allowing them to live. Individuals have different religions, opinions, practices and attitudes. Tolerance is about evaluate other peoples carriagestyle or beliefs without being judgmental. It contributes to a universal pacification.Unfortunately, too much suffering is nurtured in this world imput qualified to lack of tolerance. Moreover, one should ask if tolerance should have a localize particularly when it goes against moral values. Tolerance contributes in making a union stable. Without it, there would be no progression and no slumber. In a society where different religious groups reside, it is essential. Every person is called to respect others practices and deem their cont ribution to a multi-racial community. Tolerance brings more justice, more equality and less(prenominal) racism. All people are born free and equal in dignity and rights, and they should non be discriminated against because of their nationality, ethnicity, religion, race, gender, semipolitical opinions, wealth or property. (Universal resolving power of Human Rights, United Nations, 1948). However, there is a high degree of intolerance for theoretical account between Israeli Jews and Palestinians. They are killing in the unwrap of identity, statehood and religion. For the economy of a community to flourish, tolerance must play an historic role at the workplace.Higher productivity stinkpot be achieved if colleagues work together while understanding each other. A in advance(p) system of perplexity keeps fighting and bullying away. The employer and the employee respect each other on the underlying convention of tolerance. Tolerance at the workplace means respecting the att itude and practices of some other person. Co-workers can feel more at ease with each other and concentrate on their work. People may do the same affaire in different ways or hold opposing attitudes. Furthermore, employees should be able to strike the policies and laws of the workplace and by being tolerant this can be achieved.Tolerance at workplace accordingly reduces frustration and improves happiness. Tolerance should besides reside in families. It starts with the wife and the husband who afterwards show it towards the children. The modern family is a refuge from the problems of life. It is based on love and tolerance. Without tolerance in the parent-child relationship, there would be a lack of understanding. Furthermore, intolerance between wife and husband can lead to domestic violence. There would be too much tension in a home if tolerance was not practiced. It is an essential component in relationships.A better atmosphere prevails within bonds when it is present. Parent s therefore should be able to teach tolerance to their children, for them to learn to be apply to differences. In politics, tolerance plays a major function. Political tolerance is a key principle of democracy. It leads to better governance where genuine democracy prevails. Tolerance fosters democratic values as people have the right to share their opinion. Criticism can be beneficial as tolerance helps us to accept others views. As a result, the opposition system can freely disapprove a governments decisions and propose alternatives.Politicians should be able accept and respect the basic rights of persons and groups whose opinion differ from theirs. All citizens, including political leaders, have the responsibility to put political tolerance into practice by words and actions. For an individual to integrate in a community, he or she must be tolerant with himself or herself. He or she must know how to live with others. We cannot expect everyone to think alike. To live in peace and harmony, one must show respect for oneself and for others. One must accept others as they are and tolerance is the key to it.It is a way of life and it contributes to self-happiness and happiness for everyone. In addition, by showing tolerance to other, one gives an example of this virtue to his surroundings. Thus, one should include tolerance as one of his or her basic principle of life. However, as almost everything in life, tolerance has a limit. There are so many evils in society that cannot be encouraged such as drug consumption and trafficking, corruption, favoritism, violence and all sorts of crimes. Tolerance ends where harm begins. Tolerance is meant for the worthy, to fight for human rights and aim for peace not to encourage injustice and harm.Severe sanctions need to be taken against vicious affairs and unmoral practices. Definitely tolerance has its place in every battlefield of life. It makes relationships smoother, allows freedom of expression and freedom of opinio n. For the economy, it contributes to a higher productivity. It can also contribute to ones happiness. It implies that one should accept differences of opinion and calm down disputes peacefully. Countries can achieve peace and harmony through this basic principle of life. Tolerance is a basic principle of life that everyone should have. Nevertheless, we ought not to bear unjust practices.

The Inequalities Surrounding Indigenous Health

The Inequalities environ Australian innate Health Inequality in wellness is ch axerophtholion of the most controversial topics indoors Australian Health C are. Inequality in relation to wellness is defined as being differences in wellness status or in the distribution of wellness determinants between dissimilar population groups (World Health Organization, 2012). Within Australia inequality affects a wide cuckold of population groups however natural Australians are most widely affect therefore this paper will focus on how inequality has wedged their wellness.Research shows that Australias natal sight suffer from a multitude of kind and economic inequalities much(prenominal) as inadequate access code to nutritious nutriment and health care, being soci in ally and economically ostracized, cultural barriers, inconsistency, inadequate trade protection and sanitation, and insufficient procreation (Commonwealth Grants Commission 2001, p. 58-60 Australian Human Rights Commission 2007), which all contribute to poor health physically, emotionally and spiritually. To gain a fall apart understanding of the ill treatment of this population it is important to review Australian history and the affects on the individual and the community.Through egress history endemical Australians exact suffered enormous inequality at the hands of white settlers. In 1788 the British colonialists arrived claiming the virtuous as their own without respect or consideration for its inhabitants. The inequality suffered by the Indigenous due to this drop of respect was brutal and executed with contempt, such as large scale massacres, assimilation of Indigenous children (known as the stolen generation), the prohibition of entire communities, and a loss of land partakeing on the hunter collector lifestyle and so forth Australian Indigenous Health Info Net, 2011). introductory to the arrival of the British, Indigenous Australians generally enjoyed better health than mo st people living in Europe (Australian Indigenous Health Info Net, 2011), this could be directly due to the nomadic lifestyle and relatively picayune coteries. harmonize to the Australian Indigenous Health Info Net after the arrival of the British, Indigenous tribes were exposed to a number of unhealthinesss such as pertussis, small pox, tuberculosis, venereal diseases, measles, scarlet fever and Influenza.Having had no previous exposure to such afflictions Indigenous Australians endured a authoritative loss of life and their social social organization was severely disrupted (2011). Throughout history inaccessibility of conventional health operate and insufficient distribution of health frame thrashs in some Indigenous communities, has inevitably created a disadvantage to be as healthy as non-Indigenous Australians (Australian Human Rights Commission, 2007).Although society has advanced and is now bound by more equitable laws, large numbers of Indigenous Australians as indivi duals and as communities hold to suffer turn away socioeconomic circumstances and health inequalities. This history of inequality, distinction and overall mistreatment has non solo when had a prolific impact on the health and socioeconomic status of Indigenous individuals but it has contributed to an increase in detri psychical social conditions and a lack of assurance in their Non-Indigenous counterparts, the presidential term and the Australian Health Care System.Isaacs, Pyett, Oakley-Brown, Gruis, and Waples-Crowe (2010) found that A general lack of trust in mainstream service by the Indigenous community and previous experiences of racism and discrimination can draw individuals away from these services (p. 78). VicHealth determines that the disadvantages of fiscal hardship has a considerable residual influence on health inequalities (2005, p. 1). Low income and financial hardship has commonly been linked with poor trapping and hygiene. Disadvantaged Indigenous individual s are more than often sharing their dwellings and overcrowding is not unlikely.Overcrowding generally means that there is an unavoidable spread of disease (Commonwealth Grants Commission, 2001, p. 58-60), placing significant phase on an individuals financial position, due to high using up outcomes, affecting their ability to seek health treatment. Such strain can increase the individuals emphasize levels. The Australian Human Rights Commission points out that stress can impact on the bodys insubordinate system, circulatory system, and metabolic functions through a variety of hormonal pathways and is associated with a range of health problems, particularly diseases of the circulatory system (2007).Indigenous individuals are powerfully identify with their community and work together to heal rather than exclusively. indeed socio-economic disadvantages, intolerance and health inequalities that affect Indigenous individuals also have an impact on their communities. The introduction to the western/European way of living, loss of heritable land, intolerance and the economic disadvantages that Indigenous Australians suffer fuels socially related conditions within their communities such as substance abuse, violence, increased degrees of septic diseases and chronic diseases etc. ulminating in higher fatality rate rates than non-Indigenous Australians (Duckett & Willcox, 2011, p. 34-35). Stephens, Porter, Nettleton and Willis (2006) state that infectious disease burden persists for Indigenous communities with high rates of diseases such as tuberculosis, and inequality also exists in the prevalence of chronic disease, including diabetes and heart disease (p. 2022). Statistics show mortality for most age groups of the Indigenous population is twice that of non-indigenous people.The highest rate of mortality of Indigenous people is six times that of non-Indigenous Australians, this mortality is encountered by both males and females aged between 35-44 years of a ge (Duckett & Willcox, 2011, p. 33). Consistency of low socioeconomic position in Indigenous communities is a causality of ill health which exacerbates Indigenous peoples disparity, modify a continuum of disparity and ill health among generations (VicHealth, 2005, p. 3). These impacts of health inequality for Indigenous Australians on the Australian health system are varied.Hospitals and health services experience a higher influx of Indigenous patients compared to their counterparts (Australian Human Rights Commission, 2007). The Australian Institute of Health and Welfare maintains that the ratio of Indigenous patients in health care settings compared to non-Indigenous is about three to one. Indigenous people present with a plethora of health problems including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, substance and violence related injuries, mental illness etc. (2011). All of these health issues have a wakeless correlation with inequality.The high rates of patient intakes and health i ssues surrounding Indigenous people suggests they are not accessing health services and health education that encourages and aids in prevention. As mentioned earlier Isaacs et al (2010) stated that this is a direct impact of fear and trust related to racial discrimination (p. 78). Insufficient education whitethorn play a role in the inability to understand what services are available to them. An abundance of health services are available to urban Indigenous communities however access to services for more remote communities poses much financial difficulty and stress.Financial stress has also impacted the health care system as funding continually needs expansion to support the outcomes of poor health inequalities for this population. In 2006-2007 Indigenous health care expenditure accounted for 3. 3% of depicted object expenditure (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2011). The Australian Institute of Health and Welfare states that this is only slightly higher than what is a llocated to services accessed by Non-Indigenous Australians, even though Indigenous people suffer a higher burden of disease (2011).It is significant that more services are required to create preventative outcomes and to save up financial burden across the board. Considering Indigenous people generally work as a community rather than as individuals (being that they are clan affiliated) perhaps it would be more beneficial for the community as a whole to address what improvements need to be made to better meet their cultural beliefs. Freemantle, Officer, McAullay and Anderson (2007) acknowledge that Indigenous communities who oversee attainable and adaptable services have consistent, convincing health improvements (p. ). corporation leaders should work cohesively with local and state governments to create more holistic approaches toward gaining effectual health outcomes. This may mean making the choice to take a leap of faith in the health care system and the government that has primarily been amenable for the mistreatment of Indigenous peoples. In addition the government at a national level is cohesively strategizing to improve life for Indigenous people. The Council of Australian Governments (COAG) has agreed upon a strategy certain to Close the Gap. Closing the Gap is a commitment by all Australian governments to improve the lives of Indigenous Australians, and in particular provide a better future for Indigenous children (Department of Families, Housing, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs, 2009). State health departments such as VicHealth are also aiming to create improved health equality by enhancing awareness across all sectors, engaging in promotion to decrease health inequalities, establishing schemes that address health inequalities etc. (2005, p. ). Compared to the global community, Australian life expectation and morbidity rates for Indigenous people have been found to be greater than that of other developed communities such as New Ze aland, Canada and the the States (Freemantle et al. 2007, p. 2). The Freemantle et al. research (2007) revealed that Australian Indigenous people had an inferior life prediction with males living approximately 56 years and females 63 years. In comparison, Canadas Indigenous males lived approximately 68. 9 years and females 76. 6 years.In addition, the discrepancy in life expectancy between Australias Indigenous population and their non-Indigenous counterparts is marginally greater than that of other developed nations, with non-Indigenous Australians life expectancy at 76. 6 years for males and 82 years for females. In relation to morbidity, compared to the USA Australian Indigenous people experience an increased rate of illness such as diabetes at 85. 4, while the American Indigenous people only experience a rate of diabetes at 36. 2 (p. 26-28).It is evidential that Australian Indigenous populations suffer higher rates of health inequalities compared to other developed countries thi s may be proof that Australia is not doing enough to bridge the gap. that it must be acknowledged that underdeveloped nations experience much lower rates of life expectancy and greater rates of illness, than developed nations. In conclusion it is suffice to say that since white settlement, Indigenous Australians as individuals and communities have suffered great health inequalities, due to racial discrimination and low socio-economic disadvantages.Although the Australian government and the health care systems are running(a) towards amending these health inequalities, working cohesively with Indigenous communities will increase positive outcomes. Evidence shows that more effective action needs to be committed to and enforced. References Australian Government. (2001). Commonwealth grants guardianship Indigenous funding inquiry. Retrieved March 26th, 2012, from www. cgc. gov. au/publications2/other_inquiries2/indigenous_funding_inquiry2/reports_and_other_documents/indigenous_funding _inquiry_-_final_report Australian Human Rights Commission. (2007, April 29-30).Social determinants and the health of Indigenous peoples in Australia A human rights based approach. Retrieved March 26th, 2012, from www. hreoc. gov. au/about/media/speeches/social_justice/2007/social_determinants_n_the_health_of_indig_peoples. html Australian Indigenous Health Info Net. (2011). The scope of Indigenous health. Retrieved March 23rd, 2012, from http//www. healthinfonet. ecu. edu. au/health-facts/overviews/the-context-of-indigenous-health Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2011). The health and welfare of Australias Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people.

Gays Adopting Children Essay

Society is a flexible structure. Only this trend it female genital organ serve the better(p) way for its members. Democratic process is aimed to growing the by the chasten wayss of its citizens. Nowadays the theme of conjureuality becomes an grave sociable issue. Recognition of slumps of sapphics is an authoritative process, which signifies that a lot of mint ar ready to say freely their sexual practiceual preferences and are ready to fight for their obligations. Legalization of tri darkistic marri whiles and the right of such couples to adopt children is an important and controversial issue of our time.Researchers estimate that the heart number of children nationwide living with at least peerless fearless parent ranges from six to 14 million (Gottman, 105). At the present importee umpteen countries legalized the right of homosexual and frolicsome couples to adapt children. Such countries as Andorra, Belgium, Guam, Iceland, the Netherlands, Sweden, South Afri ca, Spain, the United Kingdom. It is to a fault legal in some speciate parts of the Australia, Canada and the United States. In the United States of America 22 acress endure lesbian and gay couples to adopt children.The issue is so burning be character for transvestite parents adopting becomes the sole(prenominal) way to contain a child. Even the artificial insemination fag end not be applied in exclusively slicks. First of totally this method acting can be used only for lesbian couples. In addition another spouse form the couple has to adopt a child in order to become his legal parent. For gay couples this method can not be applied. In addition, adopting is a right of each(prenominal) person. That is the reason the question is more important than just an probability for homosexual couples to lay down children.In April 2001 Holland enlarged the definition of marriage and enabled the concourse of the analogous sex to get married. Same did Belgium in 2003. The next was Canada. Same sex couples can get married in San Francisco since February 12 of the 2004, because of an action by their mayor. The question of the legislation of homosexual marriages becomes more and more burning and need a deep survey. There are a lot of reasons against alike sex marriages. One of the reasons is that homosexual marriages contradict the tradition.The idea of homosexual marriages threats the in truth idea of the sanctity of the marriage. The term marriage should refer to a love transactionhip in the midst of man and woman. The institution of marriage considers the union of two adults of diametric sex living together. For centuries the marriage was considered just between the people of the opposite sex and by now the marriage of the people of the alike(p) sex can be wrong on an evolutionary exfoliation (Coolidge, 1997). People dont feel much faith in the marriage institutions now and the legislation of the straightaway marriages can weaken this faith.In addi tion, if the homosexual marriages are legalized to protect the freedom of human why thither should be other restrictions for the marriages such as marring the relative or the age of getting married? So called domino effect can cause the demand to cancel all kinds of restrictions on the marriages. If the marriages between the people of the very(prenominal) sex can be authentic like a deduction of the free exit of the individuals, why cant be accepted the marriage between the brother and the sister or other near(a) relatives?In the case of legalization of homosexual marriages we speak only nearly the rights of homosexual people. The issue becomes much more complicated when it comes to adopting children. In this case the rights of two, homosexual parents and the rights of adopted children should be considered. Since children are not able to express their own will during the process of adoption, the society must make an important choice deciding on the rights of children. From th e other hand it is necessary to beware the right of homosexual couples, who also have their rights and intrusts.There are more arguments pro and contra adopting children by homosexual couples. Those who stick up for giving homosexual couples this right maintain that all people must have rights to adopt children. If both(prenominal) parents are able to guard their child all everyday conditions for living, at that place is no reason to ban homosexual parents to adopt children. Those, who are against this right, state that homosexual couple will not be able to interpret normal life conditions for children. In this case the question about atomic number 7 arises.Social norms are expanded with each year. homosexual congresss, which were considered sinful and raze criminal several centuries ago, become a cordial norm nowadays. This sum that the meaning of normal family structure and normal life conditions can also be transformed with the flow of time. Those, who support an idea to give the right of adopting to homosexual couples state that many children wait for adoption and giving this right to homosexual couple would help to improve the situation.In addition specialists, who stand for the legalization of the right of homosexual couples to adopt children state that only miserable number of children from heterosexual families have normal life conditions. near children in the United States do not live with two married parents. In fact, according to the 2000 census, only 24% homes were composed of a married bewilder and father with children living at home. (Green,1978, p. 19) In the case with homosexual family the children will have two parents, even if they are of the very(prenominal) sex. In normal families children often have only one parent.The proponents of legalization of adoption give data, which proves that children, grown up in one-parent and homosexual families, have equivalent retire of emotional and cordial reading as children fro m heterosexual families. This means that gayness of parents has little effect on the development of a child. As state specialists, children are more influenced by their relations with their parents and social surrounding than by the sexual druthers of their parents. Even the American Association of Paediatrics hold with this opinion and supported the legalization of adoption.In addition, if we turn to legal issues, there is no official reasons to ban homosexual couples to adapt children. There is no special amendment in the Constitution, which would deny gay and lesbian couples their rights to adopt children. Most courts, which should make a decision concerning adopting, are be driven by the interests of a child. It is evident that for children having non- handed-down family with loving parents is much better than not have any. If sexual orientation of parents has little impact on the living conditions of their children, oddity of parents should not be an obstacle for adopting of a child.There are no serious objections, which would prove that gay and lesbian couples will make bad parents. Home environments with lesbian and gay parents are as potential to success luxurianty support a childs development as those with heterosexual parents (Schelberg, Mitnick 2006) Specialists state that here is not connection between sexual orientation and parenting skills. This means that homosexual people can be perfect parents, same as heterosexual people can be bad ones. In addition there is a legal feud, concerning the right to adoption.Legally, even bingle parents have right to adopt children. Here arises a kind of controversy since one person can adopt a child plainly he or she can not do the same affair if he has a spouse of the same sex. Those, who stand against the legalization of homosexuals right to adopt a child give their arguments in order to support their position. They state that homosexual environment can have an extremely negative effect on childs devel opment. round researches (Golombok, Tasker) state that children, raise by homosexual parents, are more likely to adopt same patterns of sexual behaviour.In other words children, raised in homosexual families have more chances to become homosexuals as well. As Golombok and Tasker state by creating a climate of acceptance or rejection of homosexuality within the family, parents may have some impact on their childrens sexual experimentation as heterosexual, lesbian or gay (Golombok, Tasker, 1993, p. 124). fit to their opinion homosexual couples should not be giving a right to adoption. Sexuality is not only personal affair. Its also social phenomenon society has to deal with.Woodhorse talks about the fortification of grammatical gender authoritys and restrictions to this roles brought to the social culture by transvestites. He believes that cross-dressing and transvestites make a potential risk of exposure for the society as it can lead to the displacement of gender categories and gender roles. On a social and cultural level the two groups (male and female) are equally restricted. (Woodhouse,1996, p. 117). The marriage is an institution aiming to create a family first of all and the family presumes giving birth to children.Homosexual marriage create no opportunities for pictorial reproduction. Modern science gave people opportunities to have children even in the same sex marriage just now a number of problems appear. Its ordinarily known that men and women are equal creatures and have same rights and obligations just they are not identical and usually presume different lays of style, models of reactions and thinking. A lot of research made by scientists proves that the child needs both a mother and a father to become a full personality (Donovan, 2001).There are some things during the upbringing which can be taken only from womens or only from mens behavior patters. The children raised in the homosexual families will not have the opportunity to see b oth female and male behavioral patters, which can cause serious problems for their future life. In addition the children raised in a homosexual surrounding are more plausibly to select up same lifestyle in the future and to copy the model of homosexual kinship. Another problem the children from the homosexual families can and closely belike will come across is an attitude of the surrounding.The children can meet a social hostility from the very beginning of their social interaction delinquent to their family background which can make more nasty the social adaptation in the future (Stone 2006). A lot of homosexual couples meet social and religious disapproval but they have chosen their type of behavior themselves and must be responsible for their decisions. The children raised in the homosexual families do not have this choice. Negative attitude of the church to same sex marriages can create additive problems for children. Another problem appears with the children, adopted by gay couples.The patters of family behavior, which are presented in homosexual families, are very different from patterns, peculiar to heterosexual families. This issue is very important since children most probably will adapt the type of relations they see in their family. Homosexual relations usually are thought to be not traditional ones and talking about sexuality in this type of relations is difficult due to the multiple variations of these relations. There are a lot of distinctions between homosexual and heterosexual relationships. Complementary nature of the most heterosexual relations is not so evident in homosexual ones.In most of the homosexual relations there is a division, which is expressed more instantaneously in heterosexual relations. In homosexual relations two people take different roles. Usually, in both, female and male homosexual relationship there are active and passive partners. The roles may change but usually the division to active and passive partner is sa ved and this relation is usually transmitted to other spheres of life of the couple. Passive partner usually takes female roles in sex and everyday behaviour. An active partner plays the role of the man accordingly. There are derivations in the models of homosexual relations.Tapinc (1992) distinguishes four additional models of homosexual relations. In the first model both males are homosexual. This is one of traditional homosexual models. The homosexual mail pair consists of the erastes and the eromenos, lover and lovemaking we can infer an active/passive division, but strictly verbalise these are not ex axerophtholles of inserter/receptor terminology. (Norton, p. 2002 5) Homosexual male relations are rarely monogamous. ledger of Sex Research made a shoot of the sexual profiles of 2,583 older homosexuals. Research found that only 2.7 per centum claimed to have had sex with one partner only. Research elsewhere indicated that only a few homosexual relationships last longer than two years, with many men reporting hundreds of lifetime partners (Bozett 1993, p. 112). This way if homosexual parents get an opportunity to adopt children, this most probably will go away in the chemise of the role and functions of family. Children, grown up in such nontraditional families with untraditional family values, will use this model in their future families. This may result in the increase of the families with untraditional family values.Possible consequences of this phenomenon are very nasty to predict. To sum up, there are many reasons for and against adopting children by gay and lesbian couples, There is no one definite opinion concerning this issue. The debates concerning this subject are hold in several spheres, such as religions, social and governmental ones. A lot of important factors should be considered in order to take a right decision concerning this issue. Adopting concerns the rights of both children and homosexual couples and decision should the best w ay serve to the interests of both sides.References1. Atlanta Journal-Constitution, (2002, Oct 4). NA. Retrieved February 19, 2008, from Database. Gale Power Search. 2 . Bailey, J. M. , Bobrow, D. , Wolfe, M. & Mikach, S. (1995), Sexual orientation of adult sons of gay fathers, Developmental Psychology, 31, 124-129 3. Bozett, F. W. (1987). Children of gay fathers, F. W. Bozett (Ed. ), laughable and Lesbian Parents (pp. 39-57), New York Praeger 4. Coolidge, David Orgon, (March 1997). Same-Sex Marriage? Baehr v. Miike and the Meaning of Marriage, South Texas Law Review, 381-119 5.Davidson, Arnold (1987) Sex and the emergence of sexuality, Critical Inquiry, 14 (Autumn), 16-48, reprinted in 6. Stein, Edward (ed. ), Forms of desire (1992, 1990), 89-132. 7. Donovan, (2001,Sept 14). Judge upholds Florida ban on gay adoption. National Catholic Reporter, p. 37, 39. 8. intrepid rights. The Advocate, (2002, April 30). p. 18(1). 9. Gottman, J. S. (1991), Children of gay and lesbian parents, F. W. Bozett & M. B. Sussman, (Eds. ), Homosexuality and Family Relations (pp. 177-196), New York Harrington super C Press 10. Golombok, S. , Spencer, A. , & Rutter, M.(1983), Children in lesbian and single-parent households psychosexual and psychiatric appraisal, Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 24, 551-572 11. Green, R. (1978), Sexual identity of 37 children raised by homosexual or transsexual parents, American Journal of Psychiatry, 135, 692-697 Huggins, S. L. 12. Lewin, Tamar (2001, August 31). motor lodge backs Florida ban on adoption by gays. The New York Times, p. A14 13. Stone, Andrea (2006, Feb 21). Drives to ban gay adoption heat up. USA Today, p. 01A. 14. Schelberg, Neal S. and Carrie L. Mitnick, (2004). Same-Sex Marriage the Evolving Landscape for Employee Benefits,