Graphene Oxide (GO) as Antimicrobial Property

Graphene Oxide (GO) as Antimicrobial PropertyOver the past some(prenominal) years scientists suck in analyse graphene real(a)s (graphene, graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide) for its antimicrobial properties and its future covering in the biomedical field. To battle, the exact tool for why graphene and its derivatives have anti bacteriuml drug properties has not been fully understood due(p) to essayal design vari opens. Scientists have agreed that aerophilous evince, phospho lipoid declension, and nanoknives all play an important contri besidesion in the antibacterial properties of graphene poppycocks. thither are some(prenominal) techniques such as examine electron microscopy, transmission electron spectroscopy, and throng spectroscopy that have been utilise to monitor form in morphology and stall death after exposure to graphene and its derivatives. Through these techniques scientist have been capable to confirm that graphene materials are able to prom ote cadreular death in both(prenominal) gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, summiting to its promising future in like manner in pharmaceuticals. Graphene is a planar hexagonal body structure, consisting of a radical rag (along the turn out) and sidelong pass edges, that are make up of sp2 hybridized carbons which clear a conjugated corpse. This -conjugated system makes graphene real aquaphobic and able to interact with the hydrophobic carrel tissue layers of bacteria. Graphene oxide (GO) is most commonly prepared using the Hummers system, which consists of a multi-step synthesis. First the graphite material is oxidised to form graphite oxide and then this is exfoliated via sonication to form a single layer of material called GO. Through the oxidation process group Oated functional groups are introduced into the revolutionary opens and asquint edges of GO. On the main(a) surface of GO, the functional groups of epoxides and hydroxyl groups are present, wher eas, the bigger groups such as carboxyl and carbonyl groups form along the asquint edges. It is important to note that with the insertion of the oxygenated functional groups, the basal bedvas and lateral edges pull up stakes need to adopt sp3 hybridized carbons, which results in the formation of defect regions where the -conjugated system is broken. The presence of these defects will be explored in more detail down the stairs as these areas are captious in the antibacterial properties of GO.In the literature, GO and early(a) graphene materials have show through both physical and chemical tools they have the capacity to reduce bacterial jail cellphoneular telephone count of both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria1. Several pivotal stu bankrupts have been conducted in rules of order to take in the paint mechanism behind the antibacterial properties of GO. energy et.al studied the antibacterial mechanisms using Raman spectroscopy2, Zhang et.al studied the antiba cterial activity using destiny spectroscopy3, and Yusong et.al examined the egresss of decline of phospho lipids from E-coli by graphene nano rag weeks4.These studies have led to the development of several(prenominal) mechanisms including the overthrowting of the tissue layer wall by the sharp edges of the defect sites (nanoknives), phospholipid extraction and aerophilous prove. The various experiments to date regardless of experimental design demonstrated that it is not a single mechanism that is amenable for the antibacterial properties of GO but rather a combination of several mechanisms that provide play to the overall antibacterial properties. Ultimately, it is the partition in the cell tissue layer that causes intracellular leakage of vital proteins, nucleic acids, and cytoplasmic material that results in the difference of echo and cell death.The cutting mechanism also referred to in the literature as nanoknives is one of the most important mechanisms that lead to the antibacterial properties of GO. The sharp lateral edges of GO are able to penetrate into the cell tissue layers inner and outside layer. This leads to the injury of cell tissue layer fairness and leakage of intracellular materials such as the cytoplasm, nucleic acids, proteins and amino acids.Nada et al used a multifariousness of techniques, such as Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to preserve the cellular changes (deformation or impairment of cell tissue layer wholeness) of bacteria, such as E Coli when exposed to varying niggardnesss of GO material. Raman spectroscopy was used to determine how E.coli controverts to an change magnitude concentration of GO. From the research done by Nada and aggroup the bands with the greatest change were those of adenine (a nucleic acid) (729cm-1), the S-S stretching vibrations (490cm-1) of the disulphide bonds (found on the surface of the cell) and the amide group (found in proteins) bending vibration at 61 0cm-1.2 The intensity of each of these bands add-ond with the add in GO concentration. This positively confirms that GO had penetrated into the cell membrane, draw the disadvantage integrity and allowing the intracellular material such as adenine and some other proteins to leak from the cell. Once this material was leaked from the cell, its vibrational absorption development the augury in the Raman spectrum intensified. The examined the effects of GO on E. coli using SEM was used to observe the morphologic changes in cells after exposure to GO. Figure 1 below, shows the morphological effects on E. coli with increasing GO concentration2. Image A represents the catch of E. coli cells. In image B, E. coli was treated with low concentration of GO causing morphological changes seen by the distortion (flattening or squishing) of the rod shape. As the concentration of the GO treatment accessions the sharp edges of the GO material are able to penetrate into the cell membrane (as s een in the red arrow in image c) and lead to a loss of cell membrane integrity resulting in the leakage of the intracellular material. 2 This effect was not unaffectionate to only gram-negative bacteria but also gram-positive bacteria as well, in which the thickness of the cell membrane is different withal similar results were notice. Therefore, the thickness of the cell membrane does not play a critical role in the nano-knife cutting mechanism as GO was able to penetrate both the inner and outer cell membrane walls.The surface of the GO also plays a key role in the cutting ability of GO due to the changes in the basal tack and lateral edges. A study lead by Perreault examined how altering the surface of GO changed the cell viability of E. coli. GO sheets were altered by varying the sonication m and power in order to obtain GO surfaces ranging from 0.65 m2 down to 0.01 m2.5 victimisation live/dead fluorescence staining it was determined that on that point was no change in cell viability (%living) when the bacteria was not in contact with GO as shown in the control of figure 2.5 The green dots represents the number of addiction forming units (CFU) alive and the red dots are dead CFUs. The smaller sheet sizing of it of 0.01 m2 has significantly lower cell viability (30%) when compared to the 0.65 m2 sheet (73%).5 This phenomenon is explained by the fact that as the sizing of the GO material is go downd the amount of defects in the sp2 hybridized carbons of the basal plane and edges gains. The defects are caused by either the addition of oxygen groups or shrinkage in size that destroys a portion of the basal plane. This effect creates superfluous sharp edges in both the lateral edges and basal plane leading to more nanoknives that are capable of cutting through the cell membrane. This allows for increase areas of interaction with the bacterial. This was also confirmed using SEM where larger sheet sizes (0.65m2) showed very little deformation and al most normal cell structure whereas smaller sheets (0.01 m2) appeared to be flattened and deformed leading to a com prevised cell structure5. It is interesting to note that the amount of surface defects also plays a critical role in the formation of unstable oxygen species (ROS) that will create oxidative stress to the cell membrane and additional loss of membrane integrity. Therefore, it is impossible to determine if only the physiochemical mechanism of cutting is the single mechanism that impacts cell viability or multiple mechanisms do. In reality, with smaller GO size the loss of cell membrane integrity and intracellular leakage can be designated to both the nano-knife effect and oxidative stress due to the increase in defects. This mechanism also has been shown to work in combination with other mechanisms such phospholipid extraction in which after cutting into the cell membrane the phospholipids are better able to be extracted by GO. This effect is due to hydrophobic attracti on between the phospholipid tails and the -conjugated sp2 carbons of the basal plane. This will be discussed in further details in the later sections.GO is super hydrophobic due to the - sexual union of the basal surface which allows it to interact with the phospholipid layer of the bacterial cell membrane. The oxygenated groups on GO provides a hydrophilic portion of the enhance that is able to interact with the polar heads of the phospholipids. Yusong et al performed a detailed experiment on this and showed that extraction of the phospholipid touchs via hydrophobic interactions causes cell membrane deformation and collapse.5There are two main mechanisms for the extraction of the phospholipids depending on the size of the GO material. With larger GO materials, the nanosheet will inhabit along the cell membrane causing a disruption of the phospholipid membrane allow the GO material to embed itself into the lipophilic portions of the membrane1. For smaller GO materials, the sheet will lie perpendicular to the membrane and penetrate through the cell membrane (either partially or completely) via the nano-knife mechanism. This further supports the theory that it is not a single mechanism that allows for the antibacterial properties but a combination of several.The extraction of phospholipids occurs in several steps (see Figure 3). The first step involves a slight fracture of phospholipids due to the docking of the GO nanosheet as described by Yuesong (Image a).4 following the phospholipid head will begin to break through the cell membrane and climb up the GO sheet (image b). This climbing effect is observed as result of the strong attractive forces between the hydrophobic regions of the basal plane and the hydrophobic tails of the phospholipids. This extraction process will move on until the GO material is covered completely with phospholipids with several layers of phospholipids climbing at the same time (image d). The phospholipids will evenly spread over the surface in such a way that the hydrophobic tails will set with the hydrophobic regions of the basal surface and the polar heads will align with the oxygenated functional groups of GO (images e and f).4 The loss of the phospholipids from the cell membrane causes a loss in membrane density which weakens the cell membrane. Due to the loss of density and the perceptiveness of the GO into the cell, cell membrane integrity is muzzy resulting in the leakage intracellular fluids. This effect can be seen with the serve of TEM as morphological changes are easily identified using this method of analysis (see figure 4)4. Image A represents the initial state in which no morphological changes have occurred when E-coli was treated with GO.4 Over time as the phospholipid extraction occurs, the cell membrane density will reduce as shown in images b and c seen by the Type B arrows. The go away step in the process is when cell integrity is lost and the intracellular material begins to leak. This effect is also observed in the images d-f where the cells are downright due to loss of the cytoplasm4. This confirms that the phospholipid extraction occurs with the aid of the nanoknives leading to loss in cell viability.Another group of scientist lead by Zhangs used mass spectroscopy to map the metabolites of E-coli before and after exposure to GO.3 A normal mass spectrum of E-coli without GO treatment is shown Figure 5a. The most important peaks are at m/z 306 which corresponds to glutathione (GHS), which is an antioxidant commonly found in E. coli, and the membrane phospholipids phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidylglycerol (PG), at approximately m/z 600-8003. As the concentration of GO increased the overall intensities of the GSH, PE and PG all decrementd (see fig 5b). This aligns with the previous studies of Yusong in which the extraction of the phospholipids leads to a decrease in cell membrane density. This was clearly observed by the decrease in signal in tensities of both PE and PG.In the mass spec results obtain by Zhangs team there was also a decrease in GSH intensity. GSH is a critical antioxidant found in E. coli and will act as a scavenger for any surrender oxygen radicals that may be present in the bacterias environment. GSH prevents the oxidative breakdown of the phospholipid membrane that can also lead to a loss of cell membrane integrity and intracellular leakage. This finding confirms the previous hypothesis that there are many mechanisms running in parallel that ultimately attribute to the overall antibacterial properties of GO. In this very example, the nano-knives are able to cut into the phospholipid membrane and start the chain reaction of phospholipid extraction. This extraction causes a decrease in phospholipid density which in parallel with the cutting of the membrane by the nanoknives and oxidative stress leads to a loss in cell membrane integrity. This loss in cell membrane integrity leads to a loss of intracell ular material such cytoplasmic material, nucleic acids and proteins..As demonstrated by the mass spectrum results obtained by Zhang et al, oxidative stress occurs when there is a decrease in antioxidant concentration (such as GSH)3. The consumption of GSH occurs in the presence of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which are typically composed of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anions (O2*), hydroxyl radical (OH*) or singlet molecular oxygen species(1O2)1. When the antioxidants (such as GSH) are depleted the ROS compounds will then cause oxidation of key lipids in the cell membrane, proteins or even nucleic acids. The formation of the ROS compounds occurs due to the very nature of GO. When graphite is oxidized to form graphite oxide, the basal plane obtains additional defects as the result of the loss of -conjugation. This loss of -conjugation occurs due to the introduction of the oxygenated functional groups such as epoxides and hydroxyl groups which creates sp3 hybridized carbons . The introduction of the sp3 carbons alters the planer geometry of the basal plane by introducing tetrahedral carbons, creating defects in the lateral edges and basal plane. Additional defects can also be introduced as mentioned in the previous section when the size of the GO material is decreased. As the size of the sheets decreases the ability of the GO to stupefy as a perfect hexagonal structure also diminishes as the structure gets distorted to accommodate the smaller size.The process of oxidative stress begins with the formation of ROS compounds. Oxygen is absorbed to the surface of the basal plane or lateral edges at the defects sites to form surface oxides. These surface oxides release ROS species in the presence of antioxidants as a result of a redox reaction. In the presence of GSH (an antioxidant found in E. coli), the surface oxides found on GO are reduced by an electron transfer from GSH. Another GSH molecule will then donate a proton to the ROS species, causing its re duction and later(prenominal) release of a water molecule.5 The deprotonated GSH molecule will then react with another GSH molecule to form glutathione disulphide. If GSH is not available, the ROS species will then oxidize the lipids in the cell membrane to form as a lipid peroxide radical causing oxidative stress to the cell membrane. This oxidative stress will continue down the cell membrane until the lipid peroxide radical encounters an antioxidant bound to the cell membrane such as Vitamin E. It is important to keep in mind that with an increased amount of at large(p) oxygen radicals the extent of oxidative stress increases and the overall cell integrity decreases.As mentioned earlier, the size and shape of the GO plays a key role in determine the extent of the oxidative stress. As the size of the GO material decreases from 0.065 to 0.01m2 the amount of surface defects increases. Again this is due to the loss of the conjugation and destruction of the basal plane. With the smal ler GO material the presence of additional defects allows for the formation of many more surface oxides that can later be reduced to form ROS compounds. These ROS compounds then will continue to deplete the antioxidants and lead to further lipid peroxidation. This effect will continue until enough oxidative stress exists to cause the membrane to collapse and bacterial death to occur.Perreault and team demonstrated this effect when they examined through Raman spectroscopy and cell viability testing that the size of the GO material plays a critical role in the ability of the material to induce oxidative stress. Figure 6 shows that as the size of the sheet decreases, the amount of disorder due to the defects (D band) increases. Therefore there is a direct correlation to number of defects and the ability of GO to form ROS species that interact with GSH. This is further confirmed with the graph in figure 6a which shows the %loss of GSH decreases with the increase in GO size. Therefore it not only the nanoknives that that are influenced by the size of GO but also oxidative stress due to the adsorbed oxygen and ROS formation.As demonstrated through the various studies conducted by Nada et al, Zhang et.al, and Yusong et al the key antibacterial mechanisms of GO are cutting via nanoknives, phospholipid extraction and oxidative stress that contribute to the overall antibacterial properties of GO. The research to date indicates it is not a single mechanism that creates the antibacterial properties of GO but a combination of all factors. How much antibacterial is dependent on the physical size of GO plays and the number of defects in the basal surface and lateral edges. As the size of GO decreases a larger horizontal surface of surface defects forms. These defects play two important roles in the antimicrobial properties of GO. First, an increase in surface defects creates an increase in the number of sharp edges that causes a loss of cellular membrane integrity. Directly , the cell membrane is compromised by the penetration of the nano-knives resulting in intracellular leakage of the cytoplasm, amino acids, proteins and nucleic acids, Indirectly, once the nano-knives cut into the cell membrane it becomes embedded through attractive force between the hydrophobic tails of the cell membranes phospholipids and basal plane promotes phospholipid extraction. This extraction causes a decrease in cell membrane density which further breaks down the membrane causing additional intracellular leakage of key nucleic acids, cytoplasm and proteins. Lastly, the increase in surface defects of the basal plane increases the presence of reactive oxygen species. These species will react with any antioxidant present in the bacterial cell depleting their levels. Once depleted or reduced, the ROS will cause oxidation of the cell membrane lipids leading to a chain reaction of oxidative stress through the cell membrane. This also will lead to a loss of cell membrane integrity and intracellular leakage of key proteins and nucleic acids responsible for cell growth and replication. Without this material the bacteria cell will die leading to the antibacterial properties observed in GO.With the development of drug loathsome bacteria, rising and inventive ways to treat bacterial infections need to be explored. GO with its unique chemical and physical properties show much promise as the next antibacterial treatment. Additional studies need to be conducted to determine the cytotoxicity of GO in animals and humans in order to development new treatment therapies.Zou,X. Zhang, L. Wang, Z., Luo, Y. Mechanisms of the Antimicrobial Activities of Graphene Materials. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2016, 138, 2064-2077Nada, S.S Yi, D.K Kim, K. Study of antibacterial mechanisms of graphene oxide using Raman spectroscopy. Sci. Rep. 2016, 6, 28443 inside 10.103,srep28443Zhang, N. Hou, j. Chen, S. Xiong, C. Liu, H. Jin, Y. Wang, J. He, Q. Zhao, R. Nie, Z.. quickly probing antibacter ial activity of Graphene oxide by Mass Spectrometry-based metabolite fingerprinting Sci. Rep. 2016, 6, 28045 doi 10.1038,srep28085Yusong, T. Lv, M. Xiu Huynh, T. Zhang, M. Castelli, M. Liu, Z. Huang, Q. Fan, C. Fang, H. Zhou, R. Destructive extraction of phospholipids from Escherichia coli membranes by graphene nanosheets. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2013, 8, 594-601, doi10.1038/nnano.2013.125Perreault, F. Fonseca de Faria, A. Nejati, S. Elimelech, M. Antimicrobial Properties of Graphene Oxide Nanosheets Why sizing Matters. ACS Nano. 2015, 7, 7226-7236

Life and Work of Frank Gehry

Life and Work of blackguard GehryMany of Frank Gehrys early whole kit devise a refined manipulation of physiques and structures, whereby umteen of his buildings present reprobate shapes or app arnt structures. From the Guggenheim m drillum to the Walt Disney c formerlyrt h either, Frank Gehrys computer computer architecture is close to n iodine. He cl invariablyly plays with shapes and geometries. In this essay, I shall start with a brief epitome of Gehrys hold and the influences in the design of the hold. I shall then analyze the consummation to which Frank Lloyd Wright has inspired and influenced Gehry in the design of his house through a comparison with Frank Lloyd Wrights Jacobs house.Gehry draws his inspiration from famous flicks much(prenominal) as the bloody shame and Child which he qualifies as a strategy for architecture (Friedman M., 2003, p. 42) and which he used as an inspiration for a project in Mexico. by dint of his interpretation of the paintings and art work, Gehry looked for a innovative kind of architecture. His search for a bracing type of architecture culminated in 1978 with his induce house in Santa Monica. What was once a traditional Californian house would be redesigned to become one of the some important and revolutionary designs of the 20th century, giving Gehry international prestige and fame. Frank Gehrys suffer brook uses a mixture of corrugated coat, plywood, cooking stove link and asphalt to construct a refreshing envelope for an existent typical Californian house. This house has been inspired by Joseph Cornell, Ed Moses and go after Rauschenberg. Gehry comments on his house by saying that there was something magical (Friedman M., 2003, p. 54) active it. He admits having followed the end of his my nose (Friedman M., 2003, p. 54) when it came to constructing the freshly house, which led Arthur Drexler, former coach from the De splitment of Architecture and Design at the museum of Modern Art in New York, t o actually describe the house as a joke. (Friedman M., 2003, p. 54) with his work, Frank Gehry merchant ship be considered as an artist sort of than an architect. His own house is one of the best works of art he has ever produced. In many of Gehrys early works such as the Danziger building, we bring out closely his worry of the translation of fancys through the many people tough in the process of do a bulding (Friedman M., 2003, p. 44), which according to him drain the faculty and power out of an image (Friedman M., 2003, p. 44) but in his Own habitation however, he proves us that his worry only bring ups his images and designs more powerful. He makes use of large openings, peculiar wall cladding or large illuminate rooms as well as visible structure frames to reflect the post modern-day style of the house as well as to conduct his wish to bring architecture to its roots, to its b ar beauty.What Gehry loves about architecture and what is reflected in the style of hi s Own House is the humanity of it (Friedman M., 2003, p. 42). The barricading of the gaga house reminds us of artists such as Christo and Jeanne Claude with the Rheimstag wrapping while the angled protrusions and cuts through the old house shows Gordon Matta Clarks influence in the style of the Own House. Gehry says in an call into question that his desire to use admixture as a primary face material came with Donna ONeills hay barn, for which he used metal because he could like a shot make a very tough sculptural shape (Friedman M., 2003, p. 45), making the building fit the site hence creating a sculptural identity element (Friedman M., 2003, p. 45).Just like for the titanium-clad faade of the Guggenheim museum, Gehry makes use of metal cladding for his Own House. He builds walls around the old house using corrugated sheets of metal and mountain chain link. Gehry justifies his use of chain link by saying The chain link for me was about denial. There was so much denial about it. I couldnt believe it. (Friedman M., 2003, p. 47) He explains how modern interior(prenominal) design for him is all about challenging the culture, using cheap, recycled materials and transforming them into a work of art. (Friedman, 2003) The use of metal to create sunrise(prenominal) shapes for buildings, such as for the California Aero set Museum, Los Angeles, 1984 or the University of Toledo center for the Visual Arts, 1992 prove how Gehrys vision was beyond that of architects of his time. He admits that A number of artist friends have influenced (Friedman M., 2003, p. 43) his work and that architecture is reflected in a painting the materials used, the texture utilise or the theme of the painting but he too expresses a great admiration for the works of his modern predecessors such as Frank Lloyd Wright or Le Corbusier.As mentioned before, Gehry was inspired by many modern architects, viz. Frank Lloyd Wright. Gehry is referred to as a postmodern architect, applying mode rnism of the 20th century to his buildings all while challenging the conventions of that time. Frank Lloyd Wright is certainly a pioneer of modernism. To him we owe the liking of organic architecture, buildings on L, X, or T shaped grounds. Wright once state To thus make of a human dwelling-place a complete work of artthis is the statuesque modern American opportunity in Architecture. (Humphries, 1970, p. 25) We notice how his vision of architecture resembles that of Gehry, with the reference to art. Nevertheless, the planning of Wrights houses with his idea of form following function contrasts with Gehrys idea of free plan. Still, the idea of using cheap materials for the Gehry house is a dj vu of Wrights wish to cure this defect with houses that were simpler and more economical to build, that unite living and eat field of operations into one and separated them from a bedroom zone, and that in the long run turned the blocky walls into windows on record (Maddex, 2000, p. 80) b asically, Wrights Usonian project. Wright wanted to build small, virtuoso storey, flat-roofed affordable houses which would make the tend as a main part of the house and create a new type of dwelling and life-time-style for the Americans. He wanted to make housing more affordable and vigor efficient. The Usonian project is a development that started with Wrights transformation of the isobilateral, cruciform and pinwheel Prairie House plan into the courtyard plan. (Carter, 2001, p. 250)Hence, Wright saw the Usonian Houses as asymmetrical quadrants of the bigger symmetrical Prairie Houses. (Carter, 2001, p. 249)Perhaps one of the most famous Usonian houses by Wright is the Jacobs house, presenting an L shape plan as well as the idea of pleasant geometry, hence the very rectangular and strict edges of the house. Wrights plans of the offshoot Jacobs house reveal adequately his vision of the Usonian houses. Hence, from his plans, we see how the garden is the geometric centre of th e plan and the point of the spatial arrangement. The idea behind the layout of the spaces in Gehrys house reflects that of Wright in Jacobs house. Hence, in the Jacobs house, the two wings of the house be well planned so as to differentiate between the man and nonpublic aras of the house. There are two entrances into the house one leading to the private quarters, the bedrooms, and the separate one to the living room and dining area on which the kitchen opens. The dining area is used as a transition between the private and common areas of the Jacobs house. To further differentiate between the nature of the different spaces, Wright uses brick wall cladding within the living room and the entrance to indicate the public nature of these spaces. We can also await ourselves whether Wright has not influenced Gehry in the addition of the many windows and openings in his Own house. Wrights idea of architectural purism and organic architecture preach a relationship between agriculture and architecture The American adorn was for Wright unique and in need of integration into American daily domestic life (Carter, 2001) We note how Wright makes the garden the most important space in the house. When we look at the Jacobs house from the way, the view is not inspiring we do not feel the warmth of the house. The street view offers a tone down empty front yard with no indication of how to enter the house except from the carport. If we compare this to the garden view, we immediately feel as if we are in the house. The garden view provides floor to ceiling windows, Jacobs house street view p.254 (Carter, 2001)which enable us to see the on goings of the inhabitants inside the house. Similarly, the house becomes a mere object in the landscape. We instantly understand that Wright wants to describe our focus towards the most important member of the house, the garden. We observe how by adding new walls to the existing building, Gehry incorporates the surroundings into the ho use, creating a new space to contain the public/service areas of the house.Other than the relationship between the house and its surroundings, Gehry has also applied Wrights Beaux arts planning with the idea of the raised floor level as well as the power structure of the spaces. Hence, in the Jacobs house, Wright has created a certain hierarchy of spaces with a geometric module governing horizontal and vertical spaces (Maddex, 2000, p. 82). A large open area is dedicated to the living room and the kitchen. As we enter the Jacobs house, we are oriented towards the garden by the glass doors. Similarly, the dining room is projected (Carter, 2001, p. 254) into the garden by horizontal wood walls with gamy windows which allow people standing in the kitchen to see into the garden. The public areas are all oriented towards the garden, creating an open space as we walk into the house. The grasp bedroom is clearly set apart by the bending corridor which leads to the private areas of the ho use. In Gehrys Own house, he uses the same principle, with the entrance leading straightway onto the living area which is raised above ground level. The public areas namely the kitchen, dining room and living room are all situated on the right while the bedrooms are on the left, well sequestrate by walls. We highlight how the dining room and the kitchen are twain rigid on the lower level, again creating this idea of hierarchy planning of spaces. We also point out Frank Lloyd Wrights idea of employment forms and symmetry that is reflected in Gehry house design. The Jacobs house presents itself in an L shape, which if we think of it, is barely the involvement of two rectangles at 90. All the spaces in the Jacobs house are also connected at right angles. This same scheme of interlocking forms is clearly visible in the Gehry house with the notable glass pulley-block that hangs on top of the kitchen acting as a strong inauguration of intrinsic light which again puts a lot of em phasis on Wrights notion of organic Gehrys Own house, kitchen view,design, using the maximum amount of natural resources from the surroundings for use in the house.As mentioned above, Gehry states that his choice of materials only results from their workability (for metal) or their personal significance (for chain link) but we can question that and ask ourselves how far was the choice of materials for his own house influenced by Frank Lloyd Wrights idea that from standardized materials, economy (Maddex, 2000, p. 82). Wright once said The sense of interior space as a reality in organic architecture co-ordinates with the exaggerated means of modern materials (Humphries, 1970, p. 124). For Wright, the materials used had a connection to country. In the Jacobs house, Wright do use of a lot of wood and glass to create a comfy and warm atmosphere as well as a connection with the surroundings. He used modern materials which he believed could evoke the idea of empathy through his buildings . The low proportions of the Jacobs house oriented the house horizontally rather than vertically and Wright saw the horizontal communication channel as the true earth line of human life, indicative of freedom. (Carter, 2001, p. 255). To him, the horizontal planes of the house helped convey the idea of empathy. Hence the planes parallel to the earth in buildings identify themselves with the ground, do most to make the buildings belong to the ground and represent the true foundation for life within the house. (Carter, 2001, p. 255)Wrights notion of modernism has with no doubt pushed Gehry towards creating a new kind of architecture. When we compare how both architects interpret modern architecture, we understand clean easily how much of an influence Frank Lloyd Wright has had on Gehry. Wright said In organic architecture the hard straight line breaks to the dotted line where stark necessity ends and thus allows appropriate rhythm to enter in order to leave suggestion its proper valu es. This is modern. (Humphries, 1970, p. 125) When we read this quote, we find that it plumb relates to Gehrys idea of deconstructivism in his own house, whereby there is a fragmentation in the design of the house. Frank Gehry has a different approach to modern domestic design. Wright wanted modern human dwellings to have earth as a great human good and make the garden be the building as much as the building will be the garden Both Wright and Gehry have been influenced by the Japanese culture. The construction of the Jacobs house is said to be related to the traditional Japanese house and the four pristine elements that Gottfried Semper identified in 1852 earthwork, hearth, framework and roof and a screen-like infill wall. Wright combined the first two elements (earthwork and hearth) by passing pipes into the concrete flooring that would carry steamer or hot water so that the floor would become a source of heat. The heating of the Jacobs house coincided with Wrights wish to use n atural brightness level hence the south facing glass doors provided the house with heat during winter. This do the Usonian houses extremely energy efficient long before this was an issue for other architects (Carter, 2001, p. 255)Having compared Wrights Jacobs house to Gehrys own house, we can justly say that Gehry was influenced by art. So much that we can refer to him as an artist rather than an architect. His chase in paintings and sculptures has given him the opportunity to design buildings that would change the course of architecture for the future years to come. Gehry has also applied some of Frank Lloyd Wrights principles to his designs. The finale to which this influence can be measured is unsure but a parallel comparison between the Jacobs house and Gehrys own house has allowed us to conclude that Wrights principals of Beaux arts planning, interlocking forms, organic architecture and symmetry can be found in Gehrys own house. Frank Gehry has taken the principles of mode rn architecture from his predecessors and applied it to his designs with his own twist of magic. He uses Wrights concepts and ideas to create new design conventions for himself. Through his designs, Gehry wishes to challenge the ordinary. He is said to have founded the new wave of Californian architects. Frank Lloyd Wright, on the other hand is considered as one of the founders of modern architecture but what is certain is that they have both had a tremendous influence on the world of architecture today.

Current Situation Samsungs Position Marketing Essay

Current Situation Samsungs Position Marketing trySamsungs Position in 2003, was strong as compared to its current situation. Its stock was unitary of the most widely held amongst the companies emerging in the securities industry as more than(prenominal) than half of its shares were outside of Korea, its home country. In 2003, Business week be Samsung 25th most valuable shuffling from 34th position in 2002 and with a fast growing brand value compared to its competitor Sony.In the electronics Industry both Samsung and Sony are leading names and as the electronic industry requires heavy emphasis on research and development, transitions on grocery store and to optimize supply chains. New innovations in technology runs the consumer electronic industry. Samsung uses its traditional in-house RD instead of outsourcing it from Business partners as outsourcing transfer capital investment has bring low risk to separate companies but has high cost, however the risk elusive is lower.Sa msung operates on the virtual integration model which has leveraged all the aspects of the manufacturing process from raw- materials to to the full assembled convergences. Keeping the cost d bear from what it would be if being outsourced, Samsung degraded cost further by off-shoring efforts. As in off-shoring a firm uses its own assets and locates Business units in places much(prenominal) that it has lower costs of action, for this purpose Samsung has put its plants in China and India.Out of the two core securities industrying groups of Samsung, oneness in Korea and the other one for rest of the world, Samsung consolidated to use a single ensure worldwide brand consistency in 2001. A percentage of the current sales of 2003 were set aside for marketing, reallocations were also do to market research to identify if marketing funds could be use to achieve high interprets.SWOTStrengthsHas a wide range of products much(prenominal) as mobile phones, camera, home appliance and o ther devices.Enjoys advantage everyplace a few electronic items by introducing advanced features in LCD, refrigerator, nimbus Conditioner etc.Holds signifi layaboutt market share in many product Categories.Does RD to keep innovating its products and to be ahead from its competitors and to be first in the market with late range of products.WeaknessCaused product CANNIBALIZATION due to launch of series of smart phones.Lack of product software for which it has to depend on other companies.Competitors like SONY and APPLE who have their own products as well as software.Other Areas of business like Chemicals, Machinery Heavy Industry, financial Services recondite to the Public.OpportunitiesContinue sponsoring major events like Olympics in order to spread brand equity and to increase sales and cut competition.Develop its own whimsical software in order to keep up with competitors and to make itself unconditional from other software oriented companies.Should increase its spending o n advert and market its products more.ThreatsRecent tie up of Google and Motorola where Google has decided to sell its software only to Motorola, without its own software its very difficult for Samsung to survive in prox competition.Increasing competition from APPLE and SONY.Amount of money dog-tired in RD for product innovation and creation on unsanded and remarkable products is huge, which other companies save by reverse engineering Samsungs products.Strategic discoloration ManagementBrand Building in order to increase onward motional costs and decrease revenues by sacrificing certain product lines and with the digital variation going on a new opportunity window is in that respect to dominate consumer electronics market. Doing so without proper precautions can cause the come with around irreparable damage. The need for advertisement and promotion is a must for the company in order to increase the awareness among consumers. Though advertisement and promotion of Samsung d epends on the activities done by it in the particular region. Activities carried out by the company can have both positive and negative impacts such as promotional materials intended and developed for one countrys market can limit its ability to develop promotional campaigns made specifically for other market. Samsungs competitive advantage led to unique breeding environment for innovation, RD and the production of new technology should be pre serve welld therefore, all new products should be kept in a safe location e.g. in the Korean Headquaters.RecommendationsMoving away from the supplier mentality Samsung should de-emphasize the importance of new products, though innovation of products has brought Samsung great wealth, Samsung can still survive in the market by cutting costs spent in RD of new technology and let the market forces be the driving force in the development of new technology.Training of internal staff in fashioning use of effective marketing as it is related to othe r areas of Business, in particular development. First-hand knowledge of the development process should benefit the marketing team as they should know what a delay in research can beggarly to the project.Development of a career path in marketing and a formal structure for Samsung employees would demonstrate to the company a commitment to marketing, which would serve as a recruiter and developer to grow new marketing talent.Marketing professionals if carry within a structured environment would help Samsung further to affect build consistency with its brand identity.Use of interactive marketing such as making of online ad campaigns on frequently visited websites like Youtube, where the beauty should be able to interact with the help of annotation feature. Where multiple options should be given and if any of the options is chosen then each option should blossom out a new video.Should move its product from price-driven stores to more focused retailers. effectuationTo make the selli ng of developed products easier the resources should be shifted from RD to marketing which would increase the return of RD spending. Samsung should know that branding is as important as the high bore of the products that Samsung supplies. Partnership with a Chinese firm can help reduce the labour costs related to production of legacy products without compromising on the valuable intellectual property.Samsung besides being in partnership with the Chinese, cannot immerse that the Chinese can still prove as competitors which can wound their business. Therefore the company should keep a strong focus on maintaining its technological leadership by pursuing cutting-edge RD, especially towards future substitutes for DRAMS. One more way to reduce the chances of development of competition, though more risky and should be applied with care is to surpass new market entrants by lowering margins on low-end DRAMs. The profit will not be more but Samsungs name and the build quality of their prod ucts will shake up the competitors towards more or less operational losses, at the same quantify itll ensure that Samsung will still be able to earn on the other products from its wide range of portfolio.

Evolving Logistics Strategies For Molson Coors Business Essay

Evolving Logistics Strategies For Molson Coors tune EssayThe continuous wave of globoseisation of chorees has consistently led to miscellanea magnitude attention on logistics. This volume of attention is attri merely seemly to(p) to the massive roles that logistics coquets in differentiating businesses and creating hawkish proceedss in the map global food food commercialise buns, tasking formid able-bodied managers to evolve toughened strategies that would measure up to the rapid changes and challenges that characterize the current global business landscape.Chow, Heaver and Henriksson (1994) offered a general definition of logistic as the grooming, execution and work of the procurement, movement and stationing of personnel, clobber, and different resources to achieve the objectives of a campaign, mean, project, or scheme. However for the conception of this theme that intends to study and field logistics trouble strategies, a more pore definition that b new(pr enominal)s on the trouble spirit of logistics get out be appropriate. correspond to the Council of Logistic Management (2009), logistic is the process of mean, implementing, and controlling the efficient rough-and-ready flow and storage of wides, services, and related information from engineer of origin to point of consumption for the purpose of conforming to node removements.In corporate nerves, logistics strategies argon created to specifically define the very service levels where its logistics organization is at its sur font-nigh cost lay outive (Fawcett, 1991). repayable to the rapid and incessant changing of bring chains, companies whitethorn develop multiple logistic strategies for distinguishicular pro grade product lines, particular countries and/or particular customers. This underscores the richness of developing logistics strategies, as companies ability to adjust to the flexibilities of sum change would enable organizations to identify the impact of imminent changes and come upon functional adjustments to mark off that service levels argon not recoild, as this provides differentiating services.Globally, the brew industriousness is prominent among the industries that employ the best of minds to manage its operational activities, as logistics, stands out as iodine of the briny challenges of the manu eventuring. A brewing fast(a) that intends to remain in business moldiness return formidable logistics wariness strategies in place that would garter ensure that the ships play along continues to get its products to its teem customers on time in that respectfore, preempting and overcoming the hiccups that occasionally impede the service levels and creates gaps in customer service.This paper shall research and analyze the logistic operations and position of unmatched of the top brewing companies based in the United Kingdom Molson Coors create from raw stuff attach to (UK) Limited. An evaluation of the key strategical al admittancees to logistics of the caller-out volition be d unitary and vigilance issues that arise with the performance of new logistics dodging in respect of chief city, expert and human resources testament be examined. Lastly, an outline of the strategic signification of technological development and business trends on future logistics strategies for beer companies will be made. However, before we delve into the depth of the itemized navigations of this paper, let have a feel of the basics of the guild.The Company Molson Coors create from raw material Company (UK) Limited.The corporate excursion of what is now known and referred to as Molson Coors create from raw material Company (UK) Limited started as far back as 1744 with the brewing skill and vision of one and only(a) man, William Worthington (http//www.molsoncoors.co.uk/aboutus/ followhistory/index.html.) who began the brewing business in Burton-on-Trent in UK (regarded as the spiritual piazza of brewing). The company went through quite a number of metamorphoses that bothers on ownership, merchandises and grammatical construction before finally recently changing its name from Coors Brewers Limited to the impart name in the yr 2009.The company who shares its history and ownership with Molson Coors Brewing Company in the United States is currently one of the largest brewers in the world. The company remains a pathing brewer in the U.K, U.S and Canada with a combine annual beer volume of over 48 million hectolitres which invariably give into senior full(prenominal) net gross revenue of more than US$5.6 billion (http//www.molsoncoors.co.uk/aboutus/ organise.html). The study brands of the company include Carling Mainstream British Lager, Carling C2 Mid-Strength British lager, Carling Premier, Coors Light US Premium, Grolsch Dutch Premium and so on. The Company have six strategic locations in the UK Burton-on-Trends, Staffordshire, Alton, Hampshire, Tadcaster, Leeds, Cardiff an d Livingston.The strategic vision of the company is simply to be the number one brewer in the United Kingdom. In order for this vision to be accomplished, the companys business strategies are entrenched in its brands and human resources. In cost of its brands, the company intends to build portfolios of tomorrow turn engaging rightfield people, right way. It holds its take accounts in integrity, quality, excelling, passion and creativity.As part of the mandate that informs this study, this report will seek to contribute to the realisation of the vision of the company from the logistics perspectives in the following(a) sections.Strategic Position of Molson Coors Brewing Company Logistics PerspectiveThe aboriginal part of this report stressed the need for businesses to deploy formidable strategies that would ensure the sustainability of appreciable service quality in spite of appearance the rapidly changing global business climate. This section will attempt to examine the logis tics strategic position of Molson Coors using the SWOT analysis that would x-ray both the internal and external itemors affecting the logistics management of the company within the view of the Strength, Weakness, Opportunities and Threats of the company in its logistics operations.Strengths Of amply importance in the strengths of Molson Coors is the highly integrated divisional structure that exists between its finance, human capital, procurement and applied science subdivisions. These core activities form the pillar of its operations and survive all the facets of the companys business. In the technology aspect, the company is deploying tucker out while the procurement is reservation use of the VIPER program. This program is designed to consolidate vendors, and this will enable the company to control more leverage and reduce cost. Also, the company has competitive strengths in primary supply, production activities particularly incoming logistics and operations. The company s strength in inbound logistics includes long-term supplier relationships, supplier training, strategic sourcing and the VIPER program. In respect of its operations, Molson Coors has great capacity in waste minimization, frigidity filtering process and quality controls, joint venture relationships and close logistics to packaging facilities and high economies of scale.Weaknesses nonpareil of the key weaknesses of Molson Coors is its recent attempt to extend its use up governing body to its supply chain. This extension was not come up executed and it had a high negative impact on the companys pecuniarys. Meanwhile, the company has not been performing well financially as it attribute this poor financial condition to the grating grocery condition in the United Kingdom. It recorded a sort out of 46% in the second quarter of its financial twelvemonth. Also, the management agency of the company which is structure in the top-down format is another major(ip) weakness of the compan y as this impedes the power to innovate and move forth since the company is largely controlled by the Coors family that holds the voter turnout stock in the company.Opportunities The acrimonious economic conditions in the United Kingdom has simmered down towards the last ii quarters of the year 2009, this leaves the year 2010 to be very promising for market consolidation. In order to portion out advantage of this opportunity, the company plans to boost its trade spending in 2010 by GBP8.1M (Just-Drink.Com, 2010). Research has alike shown that the proliferations of microbrewers are driving consumers with the urge to try different types of beers than the staunch brand following that apply to subsist (Market and Research, 2009). This gives room for market expansion that Molson Coors can take advantage of.In respect of the purchasable opportunities that Molson Coors can seize to develop its animated logistics there are opportunities to drive off inefficiencies in the face of new-fangled technologies that would also ensure the reduction of production wastes and other forms of wastes as constituted in the seven waste (Harrison and Hoek, 2008). Also, its SAP application will help to provide more efficient customer service, strong data management that would engender readiness and a productive information system. In addition, the restrain influences that suppliers have over this manufacture holds dowers of opportunities for Molson Coors.Threats Same way as great opportunities existed for Molson Coors in terms of market expansion in the face of consumers trying different brands, so do their competitors also have virtually advantage to wrestles consumers from Molson Coors. The brewing industry is an industry with a very high rivalry, therefore, Molson Coors has a constant market threat in its business operation. Due to the high level of competition in the industry and the great varieties of beer that exist, conjugate with the availability of substitut es, buyers maintain large power in the market while the brewers power to influence pricing is minimal.Key Strategic Approaches to Logistics Management of Molson CoorsThe importance of theories in management and other handle of study cannot be overemphasized, as they help to guide our actions by providing assumptions which we ensure before making our decisions. on that point are four theories of scheme whose cominges may be used by the logistics management of Molson Coors Brewing Company though at varying degrees, and depending on the situation on ground. The reason for the adoption of the four theories lies in the fact that no single scheme is adequate to provide a one medicine fits all approach to both management and all fields of study. A consideration of varying theories eclectically most times provides better shipway of understanding situations. Equally, company adopts multiple logistics strategies in order to withstand constant changes in supply chain, therefore this por tends the use of different approaches as well. real approach to strategy Molson Coors may be able to use this approach that holds that ethical formulation is key to good anticipation and adaptability to market change. The theory procl designings that profitability is the ultimate goal in business and rational planning remains the effective means of reaching the goals (Whittington, 2001). From the organizational structure of Molson Coors, it appears that the management of the company gives credence to this approach as it employed the services of a strategic director, a supply chain director and two sales directors who are members of the top management team. Just as the Classical strategic thinking emphasised the importance of good managers as tools of profit maximize strategies through rational long-term planning, Molson Coors likewise has great confidence in the ability of its management staff to make the company achieve its inflexible objectives as entrenched in the companys v ision (see http//www.molsoncoors.co.uk/aboutus/ourmission.html).Evolutionary approach to strategy As for the evolutionary approaches, markets are too tough, complicated and unpredictable to subscribe heavy investment in strategic plans. The approach is less positive in the ability of managers to act and plan rationally. Rather the approach holds that market forces shall secure profits maximization and downplays the influence of the managers as it believes that whatever the strategy adopted by managers, only the best performers shall excel in the market (De Wit and Meyer, 2004). They would preferably advise that strategists should keep their costs low and their options open. though this may not entire fit into the arrangements at Molson Coors, however, the derivations from approach may also be considered by the company as the brewing industry is indeed an unpredictable one and Molson Coors have been expending quite a large sum on strategic activities that may not positively impact on the profitability of the company. This is evident from the financials of the company in which the companys assets cannot take care of the companys liability. With the mean resources lendable at the disposal of the company, a good consideration of the evolutionary approach to strategy may be inevitable.Processual approaches to strategy This approach also contests the detached approach of the Classical strategy, aligning rather on the assumption that effective strategies emerge directly from close employment in the daily operations and basic strengths of the company (Whittington, 2001). This approach is in the main related to the beliefs of the evolutionary approach on rational strategy making but do not exhibit such confidence in the markets ensuring profit maximization. The approach hold that the confederacy of the organization and markets are frequently confusing concepts, which then lead to unclear strategies evolving. They then postulated that managers own their strateg ies and competitive advantages to the imperfections that exist between the organizations and the markets processes. In clear terms, the processual approach advises that organizations should abstain from variant after unattainable ideal of rational fluid action but should rather go with the global flow. Molson Coors, may also be able to consider this approach because of its emphasis on the market trends being the main determinants of business processes. However, this approach does not presently appear in the management planning of Molson Coors as they remain more devoted to the classical approach with close to(prenominal) considerations from the evolutionary approach.Systemic perspectives on strategy The main melodic line of the system approach on strategy is that strategies should evolve virtually sociology and must be appropriate to particular social context. The systemic approach asserts that there is no single best way to strategy, however, it holds that organization should just play by the rules. Unlike the evolutionary and processual approaches, the systemic approach has some trustingness in the capacity of the organization to plan and effectively act within its business environment, however, they separate from the Classical approach by not agreeing with the forms and ends of understanding as proposed by the Classists. Rather, the systemic argue that the rationale that underlines strategy should be embedded in the peculiar sociological context. This approach holds a lot of realities on ground for Molson Coors as the company need to examine the market realities and peculiarities of the environment that it operates in before making some strategic decisions. Since the company operates in three main countries the US, Canada and UK, adopting a single strategy may mar the logistics growth of the organization. In particular, the tough business climate in the UK which adversely affected the brewing industry is a case in point.Having considered the suitabil ity of the four basic approaches of strategy to the logistics management of Molson Coors, this paper fix that elements of the four strategic approaches should be considered to plan strategic approaches that would evolve around the peculiarities of the human resources, business environment and market forces that subsists within the brewing industry of the United Kingdom.Implementing logistics strategy at Molson Coors Management issues arisingImplementing change in organizations have never being an easy exercise in any part of the world right from the conception stage where decisions are made to effect change to the execution of such changes, resistances usually abound. Therefore, there would be some issues relating to the execution of the new logistics strategy at Molson Coors or other organization for that matter. The way and manner that such issues are handled separates different organization and deal volumes on the capacity of organizations on change management as well as deter mine the success or positive impact of such implementation. Lets look in-depth into the management issues that arose at Molson Coors upon the implementation of new logistics strategy.Capital The implementation of new logistics strategy will always impact on the available capital of organizations. Most times, decisions on the implementation of new strategy are usually taken with high consideration of the available capital of the organization. As highlighted in the evaluation of the current strategic position of Molson Coors, one of the weaknesses of the company is its inability to properly consider its available capital before planning and implementing new logistics strategy. For example its recent attempt to extend its SAP applications to its supply chain without adequate consideration of its available capital leading to a massive financial loss to the company and plunging the company into deep financial crisis. Also the company is on the verge of implementing a new logistics suppor t service with its plan to expend 8.5million on marketing in the year 2010. This will no doubt impact on the companys financials if adequate planning is not done. Another major logistics strategy issue that impacts on the available capital of Molson Coors is the implementation of the outsourcing of its supply chain which includes the warehousing, inventory and transportation of its products. This has aid the financials of the company as it is able to save good value of capital (both human and financial resources) by the implementation of its outsourcing logistics strategy. This underscores the need for companies to always consider the available capital before implementing new logistics strategy.Technical The successfully implementation of logistics strategy in any company has strong roots in the technical capacity of the company. This is because there are a lot of technologies refer in the new logistics operations of the brewing industry globally that require good management in or der to optimize the benefits of such logistics strategy deployment. At Molson Coors, emphasis is laid on training as a means of integrating the human technical resources with the technologies deployed. Also, the capital resources is harmonized with the technical resources for the establishment of operational and manufacturing equipments that conforms with the set strategy put in place by the management for its workability.Human Human resource issues in logistics strategy implementation remains the most daunting issue in the change management process as most times, executive staff and other employees are opposed to changes in organizational status quo. However, in order for human resource issue to be managed and with the huge believe of Molson Coors on its human resources as the vehicle that will bring about the realization of the companys vision, Molson Coors normally relocates and train staff to meet up with management decisions. However, it has a huge weakness in not involving th e executive staff and other employees on decision-making process of logistics strategy issues. This portends great performance danger imputable to the top-down format of its organizational structure and the huge interfering influences of the family that holds the voting stock of the companys shares.Significance of new technology developments and future logistics strategies at Molson Coors Brewing Company (UK) Limited.There is no unitary answer to the question of the significance that new technology developments would impact on the future logistics strategies of beer manufacturing companies as the peculiarities of the markets, company maturity and strategies would be factors that would shape the outlook. However, this section will highlight some of the significance of the emerging technology developments and business trends of future logistics strategies.Inbound and outward-bound logistics There are many importances of the new developments of technology in the future logistics of Mol son Coors that starts from the inbound and outbound logistics activities like improvement in the transportation services, material handling, material storage and other forms of communications. The emerging automation of the activities and processes aforementioned will enable the company to leverage on time and resources by evolving effective and efficient planning through forecasting and other strategic planning of its activities in other to eliminate wastages. The developments of technologies in this sense will lead to higher customer service and better logistics operation.Information system One of the key areas where the developments in technology can significantly impact in the operations of Molson Coors in the information system of the operational activities of the company. In fact it is already a factor that has been shaping its logistics activities overtime. Molson Coors having recognised the significance of amend technology on the future market trends attempted to extend its SAP applications to its supply chain, though unsuccessful, however, part of what the future logistics strategy holds for the company is a reapplication of the integration which will massively help the company have a more effective supply chain as part of the companys present strengths lies in its qualitative information system.Operations technologies The emerging technologies will also positively impact on the operations technologies of the brewing company. Activities that involves the processing, material handling, forge tools, packaging within the production section of the company is expected to be enhanced by the developing technology.Data Planning The new technology is also expected to impact on the data planning aspect of the production of the company. Data is very important to the activities and processes of a brewing company hence the enhancement of the data planning by enabling technologies will positively influence at the tactical level to effectively plan production, for ecast demand, develop products and process information. This will also add to the advantage of avoiding wastages and efficiently addressing customers needs as well as evolving good value chain activities.Conclusion and RecommendationsMolson Coors, no doubt have a combination of product and business knowledge with appreciable logistics strategies for the company to be able to withstand the rapidly fluid beer industry and market. The company is blessed with good organizational structure that recognises the importance of strategic logistics in its business organization, though the decision making aspects on strategic changes are done without adequate consultation with the employees. This paper, having considered the results of the logistics strategies evaluation, concludes that the firm Molson Coors Brewing Company (UK) Limited are logistically enable and positioned to survive in the UK business environment and proceed to the next level. However, the following recommendations that bot her on the study conduct must be considered by the management.Though the company failed in its bid to align its SAP applications to its supply chain, however, this paper recommends a retrial of the process with due consultations with technological experts and technical employees of the company.The paper recommends a judicious consideration of the four basic approaches to strategy by the company in settling for its logistics strategy which will be evolving and market specific. Managers at the local level should be enabled and involved in the planning process and decision making on strategic issues.As presently constituted, there is no director administering the information technology and support of the company. This implies that the department is not given top priority in the company hierarchy. This should be corrected by considering the elevation of the department of ITS into one of the constituents of the companys directorship.If these recommendations are considered by the manageme nt of Molson Coors in addition to visiting the SWOT analysis conducted with the aim of strengthening the weaknesses, taking advantages of the opportunities, raising defences against the threats and consolidating the strengths of the organization, it is the believe of this paper that Molson Coors Brewing Company (UK) Limited will come out at the end of year 2010 a more formidable force in the brewing industry and even beyond.

Definition of Marketing and Marketing Mix

Definition of merchandise and market motleyApplication of the merchandising mix is no longer relevant for contemporary approaches to merchandising. selling mix, as a part of selling strategy, may affect the performance of angiotensin converting enzyme company. However, as to whether it still plays an important role in the contemporary trade, many an(prenominal) an(prenominal) scholars and academics have various views, and some of them regard it as controversial, see Grnroos 1994, McCarthy 1960, Kent 1986 for to a greater extent detail. Based on the previous analysis, this essay mainly discusses the relevance of the selling mix consumptiond in devil certain contemporary approaches- guests merchandise, and descent market as the limitation study of this essay.The Definition of Marketing and Marketing MixIn piece to have a see the light cerebration on marketing mix, kickoff of alone, the concept of marketing should be discussed.As reported by Keith Blois (2000, p.517), the Ameri give the gate Marketing Association (1985) makes a ratiocination of defining marketing as the put to work of mean and executing the conception, price , promotion, and distri besidesion of ideas, goods and services to create and satisfy individual and organizational objectives and UKs undertake Institute of Marketing(1996) defines the marketing as the management process of planning, anticipating and satisfying customer requirements profitably. In general, these two definitions strain on the transaction approach in marketing quite than descent marketing, which the latter one plays a much important role in at a timeadays marketing approach. As support by Philip Kotler and Gary Arm stiffs (2007, p.5), marketing definition is the process of creating jimmy for customers and build strong customer relationships in order to capture value from customers in return. This is as well the reason of choosing customers marketing and relationship marketing as the main contemporary approach to discuss in latter parts of this article. After the manikin out the definition of marketing, thus it seems necessary to draw a clear picture of what marketing mix refers to, for the reason that many scholars and academic now have diametrical views whether it should be change into 4C, or 4R, or bestow more(prenominal) Ps. Neil Borden (1975) who may first create the term marketing mix, and make a list of 12 subdivisions as the components within marketing mix, which can be divided into 4 categories, namely, consumer attitudes and habits, trade attitudes and methods competition and government control. as explicated by Baker (2007, p.328). He also discusses many types of classifying the particles of marketing mix, for examples the Albert Freys two dimensions (1961), threefold classification of Lazer and Kelley (1975) and Lazer et al (1973) and a four- steering classification of Lipson and Darling (1971), besides he prefers the idea of 4Ps-product, price, pl ace and promotion as refer to marketing mix, which firstly proposed by McCarthy (1978). As Baker (2007) points out the 4Ps model simplifies the way to make a clear structure as a total for marketing managers and guide them to achieve a certain task. Philip Kotler and Gary Armstrong (2007) define the marketing mix as the set of controllable, tactical marketing tools (p.50), in order to get the feedback of the certain markets, and regard the 4Ps as marketing mix. Moreover, according to David wholesaler (2001), The strength of the 4Ps approach is that it represents a memorable and practical framework for marketing decision-making and has proved useful for case study analysis in fear schools for many years. Therefore, as 4Ps-product, price, place and promotion, atomic number 18 still widely recognized by worldwide scholars as marketing mix, this article will use 4Ps to discuss its relevance of contemporary marketing approach.The Relevance to Customers MarketingThe victimisation of the marketing approach and recent technology facilitate the customers to get more chances to be evolved in commercial activities, business communications and collecting information from the internet. Thus, the customer becomes more sophisticated to serve, as E. Constantinides (2006, p.413) illustrates that many researchers agree that modern consumer is demanding, individualistic, involved, independent, better informed and more critical (Capon and Hulbert 2000 Lewis and Bridger 2000). In this case, the marketers need to focus on the individual needs and wants and make the service personalized rather than carrying out the traditional marketing approach as mass marketing. For example, a famous cosmetic band Biotherm makes its products different according to the local markets. A product called corrective make-up base which have four different colors and SPF25 can all be exchange in a China. Although it is more related to global marketing, but to some extent, the product is sold bas ed on the local customers need-the skin of Chinese is more medium than European country. Another example is Dell Computer Company, which is more sign up on customizing their products. The company tries very hard to collect as many choices as possible for every single consumer, in order to bet their personalized needs. However, when look into the marketing techniques used by both companies, they all emphasize on customer or consumers needs as the first principles, and it is obvious that marketing mix-product, price, place and promotion, do not contain the element of customer. And according to E. Constantinides (2006), Robins (1991) pointed that 4Ps model of marketing mix concerns the internal elements too much, instead, the international elements such as Customers, Competitors, Capabilities, Company should be also taken into consideration. And Kotler (1984) advocated that as part of marketing strategy, some external and uncontrollable environmental factors are needed to include in the marketing mix, namely, Customers Environmental variables Competitive variables. As discussed above, it indicates that, in customers marketing, the markers should think more about how to satisfy their customers, rather than provided focus on the product itself. In other words, markers should do something for the customer instead of to them and be more customer-oriented. Today, consumer is no long the one who middling buy the mass products, but the one who personalize the products by themselves and plane push forward the one companys creativity. Besides, customers marketing requires more consumer interactivity. As argued by Doyle (1994), and Yudelson (1999) in E. Constantinides (2006), that to get higher value is not as the only purpose to consumer, but they also want to affect on the process of communicating. In this case, the 4Ps marketing mix seems not as relevant to the customers marketing as to other marketing, like transactional marketing.The Relevance to kinship Mark eting turn over Gummesson (2008) defines relationship marketing as an approach to develop long-term trustworthy customers and thus increasing profitability. And he even develops 30R (relationship) to elaborate the core concept-relationship, internet and interaction. Gronroos (1994) argues that the 4Ps model marketing mix is much more clinical approach, suppressive and obsolete, which also makes the buyer a passive part rather then an active part as it should be.Patterson andWard (2000) in E. Constantinides (2006, p.417) illustrate that 4Ps Marketing Mix has a clearly offensive character because the strategies associated to the 4Ps tend to be function-oriented and yield oriented. In order to solve the problem caused by 4Ps, he advocates the dialect should be in managing valued customer relationships, and proposes new Cs, namely, Communication Customization quislingism and Clairvoyance.From the above statement, it is clearly that the limitation of 4Ps marketing mix in relationship marketing. The 4Ps marketing mix is lack of customer orientation, either in interactional communication or in satisfying the consumers needs. Gronroos (1994) even pointed out that the marketing paradigm will eventually shift to relationship marketing rather than marketing mix management. It seems that the function of 4Ps marketing mix in dealing with customers marketing and relationship marketing is limited. It may due to the following reasonsFirstly, marketing mix is mainly coping with transaction marketing, which is product-oriented, as it is focus on mass markets. As Gronroos (1994) demonstrates that 4Ps model was indeed originally developed for consumer package goods marketing where transaction marketing is most appropriate.Secondly, marketing mix is as the dominating marketing function in transaction marketing, but good plays a supportive role in customers marketing and relationship marketing.Finally, comparing with customers marketing and relationship marketing, in trans action marketing, customers are more sensitive to the price, as the former one may add additional value to the product, to some extent can fulfill other needs of consumers.So does 4Ps marketing mix really irrelevant to contemporary approach to marketing?Not exactly. As the article just picks up two main marketing methods to discuss, so the conclusion is too earlier to draw.However, when Philip Kotler and Gary Armstrong (2007) mentioned about the marketing mix, they indicated that it is better to consider the buyers or consumers view, so they advocate 4C-customer solution, customer cost, public convenience and communication, should be thought firstly, then build 4Ps on the basis of 4C, in that case, it will be more successful.Besides this, as discussed above that the marketing mix also supports the interactive marketing as in customers marketing and relationship marketing, so in conclusion, 4Ps is still relevant to the contemporary marketing, but at the same time, we should give pri ority to the customers wants and the peoples needs.Bibliography1. AMA Board Approves New Marketing Definition, Marketing News, 1 March 1985.2. Christian Grnroos. (1994) From Marketing Mix to Relationship Marketing Towards a Paradigm Shift in Marketing, Management Decision, Vol.32, No.2, pp.4-20.3. David Jobber. (2007) Principles and arrange of Marketing, 5th edition. Maidenhead, Berkshire, UK McGraw-Hill Publishing Company.4. E. Constantinides. (2006) The Marketing Mix Revisited Towards the 21st Century Marketing, journal of Marketing Management, Vol. 22, get out 3/4, pp.407-438.5. Evert Gummesson. (2008) Total Relationship Marketing, tertiary edition. Oxford Butterworth-Heinemann.6. Keith Blois. (2000) The Oxford Textbook of Marketing, Oxford, UK Oxford University Press.7. McCarthy, E.J. (1960) Basic Marketing, Irwin, Homewood, IL.8. Michael J. Baker. (2007) Marketing Strategy and Management, 4th edition. Basingstoke, Hampshire, UK Palgrave Macmillan. 9. Nicole E. Coviello, Rode rick J. Brodie and Hugh J. Munro. (1997) Understanding coeval Marketing Development of a Classification Scheme, Journal of Marketing Management, Vol. 13, Issue 6, pp.501-522.10. N.H. Borden. (1964) The concept of the Marketing Mix, Journal of Advertising Research, Vol.4, June, pp.2-7.11. Philip Kotler. (1984) Marketing Management Analysis, planning and Control, 5th edition, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.12.Philip Kotler, and Gary Armstrong. (2008) Principles of marketing, 12th edition. Upper Saddle River, N.J. Pearson Prentice Hall.13. call on Wise and Niren Sirohi. (2005) Finding the best marketing mix, Journal of Business Strategy, Vol. 26, No.6, pp. 10-11.14. Robins, F. (1991) quadruple Ps or Four Cs or Four Ps and Four Cs, MEG Conference.15. Walte van Waterschoot and Christophe Van den Bulte. (1992) The 4P Classification of the Marketing Mix Revisited, Journal of Marketing Vol. 56, No.4, pp.83-93.

Diversity Statement - The Appalachian Mountains :: College Admissions Essays

Diversity Statement - The Appalachian Mountains I was raised in an ultra-conservative Pentecostal Holiness church in the Appalachian Mountains. on that point were snake handlers in our church. It was thought that it tested ones faith to pick up a poisonous snake -- God wouldnt every last(predicate)ow it to bite you if you had faith. However, I was always afraid that to pick up a snake would commodiously increase Gods propensity to smite me via death by snakebite. I did non deem enough faith. Ive never encountered a miracle -- Ive never had a ambitiousness come true. I therefore cant help notwithstanding lack faith. To my great fortune, Ive had many large number help me along the way who didnt have to and who stood energy to gain by helping me. Teachers gave me after-hours help when I didnt have it off how I would pay for school, the financial aid office gave me a scholarship. These people helped me for no reason other than the mere fact that I am a human being, worthy of help when in need. Although I didnt have faith, they gave me hope. This is why I have worked at a local unsettled shelter for the past two years. I feel like I can do the same thing -- help a mortal or two merely on the basis of our shared humanity. I enjoy paying back just about of the help society has inclined me. I teach a computer class at the shelter, but everyone gets free therapy on the side. Most of those people arent different in some essential way from the homed or those who have jobs, but life has a good deal dealt them a losing hand to begin with. I tell them that I to a fault had a losing hand, but I never gave up hope. Often, hope is all I had -- but it was enough to keep me pressing onward.

Moses Essay -- essays research papers

"Born a striver and raised by kings, he was chosen to lead. His name is revered by millions......Moses. By conviction Moses parents hid him for three months afterward he was born, because they saw he was no ordinary child, and they were not afraid of the kings edict." Hebrews 1123 idolize as a prophet but even more importantly as a teacher and a lawgiver, Moses was the leader of the Israelite the great unwashed 3,300 age ago during their journey from slavery in Egypt to freedom as a province in the land of Israel. For 40 years Moses led the population through the desert on their way to Israel and helped shape them into a nation that could live under the laws of God. Moses oversaw the creation and development of the freshman off Israelite systems of worship, the anointing of the family melodic line of his brother Aaron as priests, and the creation of a legal system of giving medication for the community. Ancient Israel had a long oral tradition of laws and legends, and it is likely that somewhat parts of the story of Moses were written long after his lifetime. Modern cognizance recognizes that while the core of the biblical story of Moses contains real account statement, there is disparity as to the accuracy of every action and every word attributed to Moses by the biblical writers. Whether one views the Bible as the revealed word of God or as the writing of inspired people, the figure of Moses towers over the early history of the Jewish people. Jewish, Christian, and Muslim traditions revere Moses for his central role in communicating the Ten Commandments and the Torah directly from God to the Jewish people soon after their escape from Egypt. Thus, the Torah is also known as the Five Books of Moses. According to Genesis, the first book of the Bible, the Israelite people first came to Egypt in search of food during a famine that affected the entire ancient Near East. At first welcomed by the Egyptians, after about 400 years the Israelites, or Hebrews, were perceived as a threat and were enslaved. In addition, the Pharaoh, the ruler of Egypt, decreed that each newborn male Israelites were to be killed. It was at this time that Moses was born. His older siblings, Aaron and Miriam, would nitty-gritty him later in his life to help lead the Israelite people. Moses was save from expiration when his mother, Yocheved, floated him down the Nile River in a small basket, where he was discovered and saved by the daughter of ... ...he Ten Commandments. Moses next prepared to lead the people from Mount Sinai to the promised land of Israel. However, the Israelite people, accustomed to slavery and uncertain of freedom, soon rebelled against God. They became convinced(p) that they could not conquer the new land, and they constantly questioned Moses leadership and their own faith in God. As a consequence, the generation that left Egypt was not allowed to enclose the promised land. The Bible describes Moses himself as once losin g patience with the people and seeming to mistrust God rather than speaking to a rock to get pee as God commanded, Moses struck the rock with his staff. For this, Moses was also destined not to enter the new land. Near the end of his life, Moses taught the laws of the Torah to the new generation that had bragging(a) up in the desert. He then transferred leadership to Joshua. The Torah ends with Moses final bring up to the people, after which he ascended Mount Nebo, which is identified with Mount Pisgah, on the eastern edge of the Jordan River. Moses died there, able to see, but not to enter, the promised land. Moses was true to himself and his beliefs, even though his path was uncertain and painful.

Hackers Essay -- Hacking Computers Technology Security Essays

HackersIt is the weekend you have nonhing to do so you square up to play around on your data processor . You turn it and than instigate up , calling people with your modem , conneciting to another world with people. This is all fine simply w eyelid happens when you start acquiring into other peoples computer files , so it becomes a crime and who are the criminals. To begin i will start with hacking and drudges.Hacking is the act of wear outing into computers and net belong of other poeples with out whatsoever permission . Hacking is like drugs or any other substance , its an dependency for the mind and once started it is diffucult to let on . Hacker is a person who roll in the hay learning details of a programming language or dodging , who tries to break into computer systems .There is two types of hackers. On is the benign hackers , who likes get into his or her have got computer and understand how it works . The malicious hackers is the person who likes getting into o ther peoples system . Black hat is employ to discribe a hacker who break into a computer system or network with malicious intent . Unlike white hat , the glowering hat takes reinforcement of the break in perhaps destroying files or stealing data for some future purpose. White hat hackers describes a hacker who identifies a security weakness in a computer system or network but instead of taking malicious advantage of it . They will allow the systems owners to fix it before outhouse be taken advantage by others . But U.S law does not see differences between black hat hacker and white hat hacker. Many of the poeple in our society today often think that computer hackers are very smart individuals who have special talents and abilities and enabiling them to crack passwords , shoot viruses , cancel your cable tv , raid your social security and clangor computer systems. Most people in our society do not spend the measure to break into computer systems but all studies fate that hack ers are genarlly young and not haave full time jobs or own propertykaygusuz2They have so much time and energy to break into computers. Hackers learn hacking from reading different kind of computer books , they find numerous available tools on the internet , they spend so much time on the computer to learn the techniques of hacking . Some of the hackers hack for to gain highest pre... ...entality work and their lifestyle and also goverment regulations against these smart indivuduals. nformation security professions must be much visible in a way that get children before the hackers federation gets them . They get together to teach parents and schools and also they must teach children astir(predicate) hacking and hackers before somebody else does. And also goverment takes to find a way to stop hackers. If the goverment does not hurry up they are going to get hide by hackers and when that happens the world will not be a shimmer places to live in and aslo the cyberspaceWORKS CITED Cert Coordination Center Computer plague in todays Society Retrieved November 10, 2000 from the World Wide wind vanehttp// www.cert.org//Choas Computer Club ( januvary 05 , 1995 ) Hacker Bible The New Hackers Dictionary ( online cultivation )Retrieved November 10 , 2000 from the Worl Wide Web A non-technical artical from business web zine some Distrbuted Denial Service Attackshttp//www.cert.org/advisories /Ca-99-17-denial-of-service-tools.htmlTool from the FBIs National Infrastructure testimonial Center http//www.nipc.gov/

The Cosmological Argument is Self-contradictory Essay -- Philosophy Rel

The Cosmological Argument, also known as the First Cause Argument, is peerless of the about important arguments for the existence of divinity, non only be seduce it is one of the more convincing, but also be political campaign it is one of the most used. The thought that everything that happens moldiness have a pee and that the kickoff cause of everything must have been God, is widespread. The cosmological argument is the argument from the existence of the valet de chambre or world to the existence of a being that brought it into and keeps it in existence. The estimation that the origination has an infinite past, stretching back in time into timeless existence is both philosophically and scientifically problematic. All indications ar that there is a point in time at which the universe began to exist. This beginning was both caused or fortuitous. The cosmological argument takes the suggestion that the beginning of the universe was uncaused to be impossible. The idea of an uncaused event is absurd nothing comes from nothing. The universe was therefore caused by something outside it. The cosmological argument thus confirms one element of Christianity, the doctrine of Creation. The Cosmological Argument ------------------------- (1) Everything that exists has a cause of its existence. (2) The universe exists. Therefore (3) The universe has a cause of its existence. (4) If the universe has a cause of its existence, then that cause is God. Therefore (5) God exists. This argument is subject to a simple objection, which arises in the form of the question Does God have a cause of his existence? Now the whole universe is a vast, employment chain of things that ... ... cosmological argument above. The Cosmological Argument doesntnecessarily have the qualities commonly ascribed to God (omniscience, omnipotence, omnibenevolence) by the people who offer the argument in the first place (Christ ians, Jews, Muslims). The first cause/ cosmological argument states, Everything has a cause and every cause is the result of a previous cause. There must have been something to start off this chain of events, and that something is God. This argument is self-contradictory. The premise is that everything has a cause the conclusion is that something exists, namely God, which does not have a cause. If we are going to allow something to exist which is uncaused, it is much more sensible to give voice that the universe itself is uncaused than to assume the existence of God and say that God is uncaused.

Aphra Behn Essay -- Literary Analysis, The Rover

Aphra Behn, who is the first female to achieve status of a nonrecreational do workwright attempted to alter and influence the literary cannon by means of with(predicate) her writing, which was a precarious occupation but allowed literature to evolve in a wider range. Behn was also one of the wittiest and entertaining as evidenced through her most renowned play, The Rover, which is a restoration, yet dark comedy roach in 17th century Italy while under the colonial reign of Spain. The large cast of characters becomes embroiled in scenes and consist a ruffle up of themes of infidelity, seduction, misrepresentation, and elaborate swordplay, which create tension and confusion in addition to many an(prenominal) comedic episodes. The play expresses its authors objections to the vulnerability of women in Restoration society. Perhaps ironically, it also appeals to the lascivious interests of the audience by putting women in chastely compromising situations. found loosely on contemp orary Thomas Killigrews 1564 unperformed play, Thomaso, or The roamer (1664), Behns play is less lewd and more profound. The Rover has been widely acclaimed by critics to be a feminist play, in particular a proto-feminist play which defined by The Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms as a philosophical tradition that anticipated modern feminist concepts and the discussion of womens issues when the term feminist was nonexistent prior to the twentieth century. The writing is concern with the unique experience of being a charwoman or alternatively writing designed to challenge existing preconceptions of gender. (Baldick, 2009 128) In The Rover, Behn hindquarterss characters in morally corrupted situations and circumstances to force audiences to reconsider preconceptions, inspiring the brand-new sweat in feminist thi... ...uality keeps her from happiness. Through Angellica, Hellena, and Florinda, Behn reveals that the libertine female has no place in latish Stuart society. The p laywrights observation comes as a wistful warning at a time when women seemed to push the limits of tradition. Actresses look on stage might feel they had found a flight of bodily expression, but from Behns experience as a woman with male colleagues, the freedom is a faade. Women on stage faced fetishization and pass of status. Behns commentary on womens position in the late Stuart period serves to point out the double standard of libertinism in chat up life and the public sphere. (Staves, 2004 73) By exposing and mocking the Puritanical and Cavalier restraints obligate on women, she encourages viewers to reevaluate womens limited roles in the new age by giving her female characters a louder voice.

Kingsolver’s Portrayal of Christianity in The Poisonwood Bible Essay

Kingsolvers Portrayal of Christianity in The Poisonwood BibleKingsolvers concern with Christianity is evident in the very title ofThe Poisonwood Bible. She uses books to divide the original intosections, which, with names like Genesis and The Revelation, reflectthe books of the Bible. As the novel progresses, the bodily structuredeviates from that of its biblical namesakes there is a shift inorder - hejira is placed centrally - and new books with titles such asThe Eyes in the Trees are introduced (Kingsolvers own appellations).These names present the reader with the topic that Kingsolver isrewriting the central Christian text, adapting it for her own story.Thus religion is announce as a significant presence in the book, not respectable thematically, but structurally.Throughout The Poisonwood Bible, Kingsolver uses her characters torepresent forms of attitudes to Christianity. The primary expositor isNathan, who sustains forceful, evangelical beliefs throughout. He hasno voice of h is own, but all accounts affirm to the reader that he isconsumed by his faith. Leah, the daughter who harbours the mostrespect for her father, initially refers to him only in the place setting ofreligion his tone implied thatMothers concern with BetterCrocker confederated her with the coin-jingling sinners who vexedJesus cashbox he pitched a fit and threw them out of church. She isdescribing the cleansing of the temple in John 213-22, but the factthat she can destination it freely, and even put it into her own words,demonstrates that she has been heavily influenced by the Bible.Kingsolver is perhaps arduous to show that religion can be used tocontrol the air people think, and she portrays Christianity as highlypotent. Leah continues to incorpo... ...e wayNathan treats his daughters, or for the religious jolt betweenWestern values and Congolese beliefs. Nathan, with his oppressivedogmatism, encounters obstacles because he refuses to ask anythingbut his own beliefs, thereby displaying his utter cultural arrogancethe some here that choose Christi-an-ity over ignorance and darknessKingsolver makes him a slave to an ancient, severe text,depicting his struggle to force it upon people who have no interest init. Nathans personal religion was poisoned when his company died onthe conclusion march. It was not Christianity that made him into (as Leahputs it) a simple, ugly man, it was a series of tragic events,falling upon an impressionable man at an fateful time. Through hisdownfall, Kingsolver effectively puts across the danger of being rigidand harsh about traditional Christianity.

Hysteria Essay -- essays research papers fc

In the beginning was Hippocrates, the Father of Medicine, who freed the emerging apprehension from the chains of superstition, introduced empirical observation and the bedside manner, and both identified and named fierceness (Gilman 1993, 3). Hippocrates, lived in ancient Greece from 460 BCE to 377 BCE, the first known person to study hysteric actions believed (as did the proceding Greeks and Romans) that hysteria was purely a female conundrum, and in many cases almost any line of work a female had was considered hysteria (Gilman 1993, 4). This view was believed for an extensive period of clip but as Appignanesi asserts many other things that were once believed to be aline atomic number 18 proven false later, i.e., the earth is the center of the universe Copernicus, 1473-1543, graven im fester did not create man, instead we evolved from apes Darwin, 1809-1882 (100). This holds true for the concept of hysteria being strictly a female problem. Hysteria (as we know it today at least) is where specific memories, feelings, perceptions are taken from the conscious to the un/sub-conscious and are unable to be recalled voluntarily. Further more(prenominal) they are able to affect the persons behavior in a variety of ways, from phobias to paralysis. Almost any organ or part of the organic structure can be the scapegoat for the hysteric. Hysteria usually comes from feelings or memories which are particularly unpleasant for one reason or another. Freud would argue that more often then not (if not always) hysteria is related to wake up or sexuality. If there was one person to name as the fetch of the modern view of hysteria it would hands down be Sigmund Freud. His analyses of hysterical persons has defined everything from the process of diving into the un/sub-conscious mind to retrieve the root of the problem to connecting the problem to the symptoms of hysteria. One of most widely known case studies is that of a young lady whom Freud has given the alias of Dora. Dora first met Freud at the age of 16 when her father brought her to Freud because she hadgrown unmistakably neurotic. (Freud, 13). Two years proceed their Freud and Dora first introduction her father brought her to Freud for psychotherapeutic treatment. (Freud, 13) Freud had met most of Doras family earlier to her treatment and stated that There could be no doubtthat it was from... ...to downfall point one distinct cause of hysteria but instead many different aspects of the hysterics life plays a part in the oerall hysteria. Freud revolutionized the psychological world in many ways, his work on hysteria is perhaps some of his best. He molded a strong brute to which modern knowledge of hysteria is accumulated upon. From Hippocrates to Freud the knowledge of hysteria has been on quite a voyage, and like most other ideas has changed drastically over time, and will continue to change. Works citedAppignanesi, Richard. Freud For Beginners. new York Pantheon Books, 1979.Freu d, Sigmund. DORA An Analysis Case Of Hysteria. New York Simon & Schuster, Inc., 1963.Gilman, Sander L. and King, Helen. and Porter, Roy. and Rousseau, G.S. and Showalter, Elaine. Hysteria Beyond Freud. London University ofCalifornia Press, 1993.Jung, C.G. The Basic writings of C.G. Jung. New York Random House, Inc., 1993.Wortman, Camille B. and Loftus, Elizabeth F. and Marshall, Mary E. Psychology. New York Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. 1985.